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Related Concept Videos

Types of RNA01:20

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...
Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...
lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...
Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
In the cytoplasm, siRNA is processed from a double-stranded RNA, which comes from either endogenous DNA transcription or exogenous sources like a virus. This double-stranded RNA is then cleaved by the ATP-dependent...
Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...

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Updated: May 9, 2026

Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification (ChIRP)
11:09

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Published on: March 25, 2012

Noncoding RNAs prevent spreading of a repressive histone mark.

Claudia Keller1, Raghavendran Kulasegaran-Shylini, Yukiko Shimada

  • 1Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.

Nature Structural & Molecular Biology
|July 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Long non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) can prevent heterochromatin spreading. A novel ncRNA, BORDERLINE, maintains euchromatin by limiting heterochromatin in fission yeast, revealing new RNA regulatory roles.

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Area of Science:

  • * Molecular Biology
  • * Epigenetics
  • * RNA Biology

Background:

  • * Eukaryotic genomes produce numerous non-protein-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) with poorly understood functions.
  • * Heterochromatin can spread into euchromatin, altering gene expression.
  • * The role of ncRNAs in boundary demarcation between these domains is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate the function of ncRNAs in preventing heterochromatin encroachment.
  • * To identify specific ncRNAs involved in maintaining epigenetic boundaries.
  • * To elucidate the mechanism by which ncRNAs demarcate chromosomal domains.

Main Methods:

  • * Identification and characterization of a long ncRNA (BORDERLINE) in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
  • * Analysis of HP1 protein (Swi6) and histone H3 Lys9 methylation spreading.
  • * Investigation of BORDERLINE RNA processing by Dicer into short RNAs (brdrRNAs).
  • * Examination of brdrRNA loading onto Argonaute proteins.

Main Results:

  • * A novel long ncRNA, BORDERLINE, was identified that prevents heterochromatin spreading.
  • * BORDERLINE acts in a sequence-independent but locus-dependent manner.
  • * BORDERLINE is processed into short RNAs (brdrRNAs) by Dicer.
  • * brdrRNAs are rarely loaded onto Argonaute, unlike canonical siRNAs.

Conclusions:

  • * ncRNAs can function as boundary elements, preventing heterochromatin encroachment.
  • * BORDERLINE ncRNA establishes and maintains an epigenetically distinct chromosomal domain.
  • * This mechanism highlights an unexpected regulatory role for ncRNAs in genome organization.
  • * The findings suggest a conserved function for ncRNAs in demarcating epigenetic domains across eukaryotes.