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Related Concept Videos

Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by producing...
Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors01:31

Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors

Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
About 48 different soluble family members of nuclear receptors are identified that can be divided into two main classes:
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
07:01

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: April 17, 2013

Pendrin expression in nodular and non-nodular thyroid tissues.

Berna Temel1, Nurdan Gul, Faruk Kutluturk

  • 1Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Istanbul University, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.

Endokrynologia Polska
|July 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Pendrin, an apical iodide transporter, shows altered expression in thyroid nodules. Its expression level does not appear to influence nodule function or be affected by TSH within the nodules.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 9, 2026

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
07:01

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: April 17, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Thyroid Research

Background:

  • Pendrin, an apical iodide transporter, exhibits differential expression in nodular thyroid tissues compared to normal thyroid.
  • Understanding pendrin's role in thyroid nodule function is crucial for diagnosing and managing thyroid conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate alterations in pendrin expression within thyroid nodules and surrounding non-nodular tissues.
  • To elucidate the role of pendrin in the functional characteristics of thyroid nodules.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of pendrin expression (mRNA and protein) in 26 nodular and paired non-nodular thyroid tissues.
  • Categorization of nodules into 'hot' (n=18) and 'cold' (n=8) based on functional activity.
  • Quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analysis were employed.

Main Results:

  • Pendrin protein expression was significantly elevated in both hot and cold nodules compared to adjacent normal thyroid tissue.
  • While mRNA levels were comparable in hot nodules, cold nodules showed significantly decreased pendrin mRNA levels relative to normal tissue.
  • No significant difference in pendrin expression was observed between hot and cold nodules.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid nodule pendrin expression is not influenced by TSH levels within the nodules.
  • The level of pendrin expression does not seem to directly impact the functional status (hot or cold) of thyroid nodules.