Adipokines in the pathogenesis of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease

Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are the two common forms of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aetiology and pathogenesis of IBD are not yet known. Genetic predisposition has been suggested as playing a role in the improper immune response to commensal microbiota. The main link of IBD pathogenesis is an intestinal immune system disability after enteric infection, resulting in an uncontrolled and chronic inflammatory state. Recently, numerous studies have been focused on the role of proinflammatory cytokines as well as hormones of adipose tissue named adipokines in the pathogenesis of IBD. Adipokines have pro- and anti-inflammatory properties and can modulate the immune response. It has been shown that obesity is associated with systemic microinflammation. On the other hand, experimental studies have revealed a link between levels of some adipokines and the severity of inflammation in IBD independent of body mass. The fat deposits called 'wrapping' or 'creeping' fat envelop the intestine, and adipokines produced by this tissue play an important role in the pathogenesis of IBD. The aim of this manuscript was to review the current literature concerning the role of adipokines in the pathogenesis of IBD.