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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Endocrine Signaling01:45

Endocrine Signaling

Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the circulatory system. This exposes the whole organism to the hormone but only those cells expressing hormone receptors or target cells are affected. Thus, endocrine signaling induces slow responses from its target cells but these effects also last longer.
Endocrine Signaling01:45

Endocrine Signaling

Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the circulatory system. This exposes the whole organism to the hormone but only those cells expressing hormone receptors or target cells are affected. Thus, endocrine signaling induces slow responses from its target cells but these effects also last longer.
Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
Typically, signal transduction involves three...
Chemical Signaling in the Endocrine System01:08

Chemical Signaling in the Endocrine System

A signaling cascade is a series of events that facilitates the transmission of information within or between cells, culminating in a targeted response in the recipient cell. As chemical messengers, hormones are pivotal in initiating and modulating these intricate signaling cascades based on their solubility.
Lipid-soluble hormones, such as steroid hormones, demonstrate an intracellular action. These hormones traverse cell membranes due to their lipid nature. Once inside the target cell, they...

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Updated: May 9, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Cracking the code for thyroid hormone signaling.

Antonio C Bianco1

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1400 NW 10th Avenue, Suite 816, Miami, FL 33136, USA. abianco@deiodinase.org

Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association
|July 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cells actively regulate thyroid hormone signaling. Deiodinase enzymes (D2 and D3) modify thyroid hormones, influencing cellular energy expenditure and metabolism in response to environmental cues.

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An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
08:33

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

Published on: June 6, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 9, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
08:33

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

Published on: June 6, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Cell Biology
  • Metabolism

Background:

  • Cells actively modulate hormonal signaling pathways.
  • Thyroid hormone action is regulated by deiodinase enzymes (D2 and D3) that modify hormone structure.
  • D2 activates thyroid hormone, while D3 inactivates it.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of deiodinases in cellular thyroid hormone regulation.
  • To understand how D2 and D3 influence cellular energy expenditure and metabolism.
  • To explore the mechanisms controlling deiodinase activity.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of deiodinase enzyme activity.
  • Investigation of ubiquitin-regulated mechanisms for D2 control.
  • Examination of D2 and D3 expression in response to physiological stimuli.

Main Results:

  • D2 enhances thyroid hormone signaling by converting T4 to T3, increasing local T3 levels.
  • D3 inactivates thyroid hormone by converting T4 to reverse T3 or T3 to T2, reducing signaling.
  • D2 activity is regulated by ubiquitination, allowing rapid on/off switching.
  • D2 induction boosts energy expenditure in brown adipose tissue.
  • D3 induction in the heart and brain during hypoxia/ischemia reduces energy expenditure.

Conclusions:

  • Cells actively customize thyroid hormone action through deiodinase enzymes.
  • Deiodinase activity plays a critical role in regulating local thyroid hormone levels and cellular metabolism.
  • D2 and D3 act as key regulators of energy expenditure and cellular adaptation to stress.