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Related Concept Videos

Forces Acting on Chromosomes02:11

Forces Acting on Chromosomes

During mitosis, chromosome movements occur through the interplay of multiple piconewton level forces. In prometaphase, these forces help in chromosome assembly or congression at the equatorial plane, eventually leading to their alignment at the metaphase plate. The forces acting on the chromosomes are space and time-dependent; therefore, they vary with the position of the chromosomes as the cell progresses through mitosis. 
Microtubules and motor proteins exert two types of forces on...
Forces Acting on Chromosomes02:11

Forces Acting on Chromosomes

During mitosis, chromosome movements occur through the interplay of multiple piconewton level forces. In prometaphase, these forces help in chromosome assembly or congression at the equatorial plane, eventually leading to their alignment at the metaphase plate. The forces acting on the chromosomes are space and time-dependent; therefore, they vary with the position of the chromosomes as the cell progresses through mitosis. 
Microtubules and motor proteins exert two types of forces on...
Centrioles and Centrosomes01:13

Centrioles and Centrosomes

Most animal cells comprise a pair of centrioles together called a centrosome. The cell duplicates its centrosome and contains two centrosomes side-by-side, which begin to move apart during the prophase. As the centrosomes migrate to two different sides of the cell, microtubules start extending from each centrosome toward the other end. The mitotic spindle is composed of the centrosomes and their emerging microtubules.
Near the end of the prophase, also called late prophase or "prometaphase,"...
Spindle Assembly02:50

Spindle Assembly

Spindle assembly occurs through three, often coexisting, pathways – the centrosome-mediated pathway, the chromatin-mediated pathway, and the microtubule-mediated pathway – collectively contributing to form a robust spindle apparatus.
In most cells, centrosomes are the primary microtubule nucleation centers. In the centrosome-mediated pathway, the G2-prophase transition triggers centrosome maturation and increased microtubule nucleation. Progressive nucleation results in a microtubule array...
Centrosome Duplication02:25

Centrosome Duplication

The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
To ensure that each daughter cell receives a centrosome after cell division, centrosome duplication...
Centrosome Duplication02:25

Centrosome Duplication

The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
To ensure that each daughter cell receives a centrosome after cell division, centrosome duplication...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
05:35

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

Published on: March 3, 2016

Centrosome polarization in T cells: a task for formins.

Laura Andrés-Delgado1, Olga M Antón, Miguel Angel Alonso

  • 1Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain.

Frontiers in Immunology
|July 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary

T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) engagement causes centrosome reorientation toward the immunological synapse (IS). Formins and detyrosinated microtubules, with Src kinase signaling, drive this T-cell polarization for protein trafficking.

Keywords:
T cellsdetyrosinated microtubulesforminsmicrotubule-organizing centertyrosine phosphorylation

More Related Videos

Quantitative Immunofluorescence Assay to Measure the Variation in Protein Levels at Centrosomes
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Quantitative Immunofluorescence Assay to Measure the Variation in Protein Levels at Centrosomes

Published on: December 20, 2014

Studying Organelle Dynamics in B Cells During Immune Synapse Formation
15:39

Studying Organelle Dynamics in B Cells During Immune Synapse Formation

Published on: June 1, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
05:35

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

Published on: March 3, 2016

Quantitative Immunofluorescence Assay to Measure the Variation in Protein Levels at Centrosomes
09:39

Quantitative Immunofluorescence Assay to Measure the Variation in Protein Levels at Centrosomes

Published on: December 20, 2014

Studying Organelle Dynamics in B Cells During Immune Synapse Formation
15:39

Studying Organelle Dynamics in B Cells During Immune Synapse Formation

Published on: June 1, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Cytoskeleton Dynamics

Background:

  • T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) engagement is crucial for T-cell activation and function.
  • Centrosome reorientation towards the immunological synapse (IS) is essential for polarized protein secretion during T-cell activation.
  • The T-cell microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton undergoes dynamic reorganization upon TCR triggering.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of formins and detyrosinated microtubules in centrosome polarization following TCR engagement.
  • To elucidate the interplay between microtubule dynamics and TCR signaling in directing centrosome repositioning to the IS.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of microtubule stability and detyrosination in T-cells upon TCR stimulation.
  • Investigating the function of formins (INF2, DIA1, FMNL1) in T-cell cytoskeleton organization.
  • Exploring the contribution of Src kinase signaling in TCR-mediated centrosome reorientation.

Main Results:

  • TCR triggering induces the formation of a stable, detyrosinated microtubule array, disrupting symmetrical MT organization.
  • Formins INF2, DIA1, and FMNL1 are implicated in promoting this specialized detyrosinated MT array.
  • Centrosome polarization requires the coincidence of the detyrosinated MT array and TCR-induced tyrosine phosphorylation.

Conclusions:

  • The detyrosinated MT array generates pushing forces that influence centrosome positioning.
  • Src kinase-dependent TCR signaling provides the directional cue for centrosome reorientation.
  • Combined MT-generated forces and TCR signaling orchestrate centrosome repositioning to the IS for effective T-cell function.