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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Stem cell-like Xenopus Embryonic Explants to Study Early Neural Developmental Features In Vitro and In Vivo

Stem cell-like Xenopus Embryonic Explants to Study Early Neural Developmental Features In Vitro and In Vivo

Published on: February 2, 2016

sox4 and sox11 function during Xenopus laevis eye development.

Wiebke Cizelsky¹, Annemarie Hempel, Marlen Metzig

¹Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.

|July 23, 2013

Summary

Sox4 and Sox11 genes are crucial for Xenopus eye development. Their disruption impacts eye size, retinal lamination, and increases cell apoptosis, highlighting their essential roles in visual system formation.

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

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Published on: January 26, 2013

Area of Science:

Developmental biology
Genetics
Neuroscience

Background:

SoxC genes, including Sox4, Sox11, and Sox12, are vital for embryonic development.
Loss of Sox4 or Sox11 function is lethal in mouse embryos.
Sox4 and Sox11 show strong expression in the developing eye, heart, and brain of Xenopus laevis.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of Sox4 and Sox11 in the development of the visual system in Xenopus laevis.
To determine the effects of Sox4 and Sox11 depletion on eye development and related processes.

Main Methods:

Morpholino oligonucleotide-mediated knockdown of Sox4 and Sox11 in anterior neural tissue.
Analysis of eye development, including eye size and retinal lamination.
Assessment of neural induction, eye field differentiation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis.

Main Results:

Interference with Sox4 or Sox11 function significantly affects eye development in Xenopus.
Strong effects observed on eye size and retinal lamination.
Depletion of both Sox4 and Sox11 independently led to increased apoptosis in the developing eye, while neural induction and early differentiation were only mildly affected.

Conclusions:

Sox4 and Sox11 are essential for normal visual system development in Xenopus laevis.
These genes play critical roles in regulating eye size, retinal structure, and preventing cell death during eye development.