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Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning
Published on: August 29, 2025
A checklist to assess the quality of reports on spa therapy and balneotherapy trials was developed using the Delphi
Hiroharu Kamioka1, Yoichi Kawamura, Kiichiro Tsutani
1Faculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Japan. h1kamiok@nodai.ac.jp
Objective:
The purpose of this study was to develop a checklist of items that describes and measures the quality of reports of interventional trials assessing spa therapy.
Methods:
The Delphi consensus method was used to select the number of items in the checklist. A total of eight individuals participated, including an epidemiologist, a clinical research methodologist, clinical researchers, a medical journalist, and a health fitness programmer. Participants ranked on a 9-point Likert scale whether an item should be included in the checklist.
Results:
Three rounds of the Delphi method were conducted to achieve consensus. The final checklist contained 19 items, with items related to title, place of implementation (specificity of spa), care provider influence, and additional measures to minimize the potential bias from withdrawals, loss to follow-up, and low treatment adherence.
Conclusion:
This checklist is simple and quick to complete, and should help clinicians and researchers critically appraise the medical and healthcare literature, reviewers assess the quality of reports included in systematic reviews, and researchers plan interventional trials of spa therapy.
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