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Related Concept Videos

Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease01:27

Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a multidisciplinary field that examines how psychological factors, particularly stress, interact with the immune system and impact physical health. Research in PNI has shown that chronic or traumatic stress can disrupt both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. These disruptions contribute to serious health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases.
A key area of focus in PNI is the relationship between stress and coronary...
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Acute Inflammation II: Local and Systemic Effects

Acute inflammation produces a coordinated set of local and systemic changes that limit injury, eliminate pathogens, and initiate repair. These responses arise within minutes of infection, trauma, or chemical insult and are driven by vascular alterations and leukocyte-derived mediators. When the stimulus resolves, the reaction typically abates within days.Local EffectsAt the site of injury, arteriolar vasodilation increases blood flow, resulting in redness and warmth. Simultaneously, increased...
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Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) management can be divided into two main strategies: prevention and long-term management.Primary PreventionPrimary prevention focuses on timely diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever. The most widely used antibiotic for treating this condition is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.Acute Rheumatic Fever TreatmentThe primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever is to suppress the...
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The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...

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Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
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[Cardiovascular risk in systemic inflammatory diseases].

Fabio Marsico1, Antonio Parente, Stefania Paolillo

  • 1Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Avanzate, Università degli Studi Federico II, Napoli, Italy.

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Systemic inflammatory diseases increase cardiovascular risk through immune system activation and drug side effects. Further research is needed to clarify cardiac involvement and improve patient outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology

Context:

  • Systemic inflammatory diseases (SIDs) are linked to higher rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality.
  • This association stems from shared risk factors and immune system activation during inflammation.
  • Metabolic side effects of anti-inflammatory drugs may also elevate cardiovascular risk.

Purpose:

  • To review the cardiac manifestations of SIDs.
  • To identify knowledge gaps and areas for future research regarding cardiac involvement in SIDs.

Summary:

  • SIDs contribute to cardiovascular risk via inflammation and shared risk factors.
  • Anti-inflammatory medications can have metabolic effects that worsen cardiovascular risk.
  • Understanding cardiac involvement in SIDs is crucial but requires further investigation.

Impact:

  • Highlights the critical need for increased awareness of cardiac risks in patients with SIDs.
  • Identifies specific areas where further research is essential to improve clinical management.
  • Aims to guide future studies to better understand and mitigate cardiovascular complications in inflammatory conditions.