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Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction01:25

Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction

DefinitionDiabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by a triad of hyperglycemia (blood glucose >250 mg/dL), ketonemia or ketonuria, and metabolic acidosis (arterial pH <7.30 and serum bicarbonate <18 mEq/L). It results from insulin deficiency combined with elevated levels of counterregulatory hormones—glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, and growth hormone—leading to increased lipolysis, hepatic ketone production, and...
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State01:21

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State, or HHS, is a serious and life-threatening complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is characterized by three main features: severe hyperglycemia, profound dehydration, and elevated serum osmolality, all occurring without significant ketoacidosis.HHS typically develops in older adults or individuals with limited access to fluids. This may result from illness, cognitive impairment, or medications such as diuretics or corticosteroids. These factors reduce...
Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the kidneys...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury
09:58

Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury

Published on: November 9, 2018

A child with altered sensorium, hyperglycemia, and elevated troponins.

Rajan Arora1, Saurabh Chiwane1, Earl Hartwig1

  • 1Carman and Ann Adam Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan.

The Journal of Emergency Medicine
|July 25, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) can present with overlapping symptoms in children, complicating diagnosis. Prompt recognition of these diabetic emergencies is crucial for effective treatment and improved patient outcomes.

Keywords:
altered sensoriumchildrenhyperglycemiatroponin

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury
09:58

Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury

Published on: November 9, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Emergency Medicine
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) are severe diabetes mellitus complications.
  • DKA and HHS are distinct entities requiring tailored management strategies.
  • Distinguishing between DKA and HHS can be challenging, particularly in pediatric patients.

Observation:

  • A 12-year-old presented with a mixed picture of DKA and HHS coma.
  • The patient experienced myocardial strain and acute renal insufficiency.
  • Metabolic derangements were identified as the cause of the patient's complications.

Findings:

  • The case highlights the diagnostic difficulty in differentiating DKA and HHS in children.
  • Overlapping clinical features can obscure the precise diagnosis.
  • Myocardial strain and acute renal insufficiency were noted complications.

Implications:

  • Emergency physicians must be aware of diverse hyperglycemic emergency presentations in children.
  • Accurate diagnosis is essential for initiating appropriate and timely treatment.
  • Recognizing varied presentations improves management and patient outcomes in pediatric diabetes emergencies.