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Related Concept Videos

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...
iPS Cell Differentiation01:22

iPS Cell Differentiation

The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...
Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
Stem Cell Culture01:17

Stem Cell Culture

Stem cell research aims to find ways to use stem cells to regenerate and repair cellular damage. Over time, most adult cells undergo the wear and tear of aging and lose their ability to divide and repair themselves. Stem cells do not display a particular morphology or function. Adult stem cells, which exist as a small subset of cells in most tissues, keep dividing and can differentiate into a number of specialized cells generally formed by that tissue. These cells enable the body to renew and...

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Updated: May 9, 2026

Sub-Retinal Delivery of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Derived Photoreceptor Progenitors in rd10 Mice
07:46

Sub-Retinal Delivery of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Derived Photoreceptor Progenitors in rd10 Mice

Published on: October 6, 2023

Human embryonic stem cell applications for retinal degenerations.

Joseph Reynolds1, Deepak A Lamba1

  • 1Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA 94945, USA.

Experimental Eye Research
|July 25, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Human embryonic stem cells (ES cells) offer a promising source for retinal cell replacement therapy. This review explores their potential to restore vision in degenerative retinal diseases.

Keywords:
RPEembryonic stem cellseye developmenthuman ES cellsphotoreceptorsretinal differentiationtransplantation

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Efficient Derivation of Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells from Stem Cells
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Efficient Derivation of Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells from Stem Cells

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Engineering Transplantation-suitable Retinal Pigment Epithelium Tissue Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells
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Engineering Transplantation-suitable Retinal Pigment Epithelium Tissue Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Published on: September 6, 2018

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Sub-Retinal Delivery of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Derived Photoreceptor Progenitors in rd10 Mice
07:46

Sub-Retinal Delivery of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Derived Photoreceptor Progenitors in rd10 Mice

Published on: October 6, 2023

Efficient Derivation of Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells from Stem Cells
07:07

Efficient Derivation of Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells from Stem Cells

Published on: March 8, 2015

Engineering Transplantation-suitable Retinal Pigment Epithelium Tissue Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells
07:48

Engineering Transplantation-suitable Retinal Pigment Epithelium Tissue Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Published on: September 6, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Stem Cell Biology

Background:

  • Severe retinal degenerations lead to vision loss primarily through photoreceptor or retinal pigment epithelial cell death.
  • Cell replacement therapy presents a potential strategy to restore vision by replacing lost retinal cells.
  • A consistent and well-characterized source of retinal cells is crucial for successful therapeutic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a historical overview of human embryonic stem cell (ES cell) research in the context of retinal applications.
  • To outline key developmental pathways in neural retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) formation.
  • To review protocols for generating retinal cells from ES cells and discuss their in vivo applications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on embryonic stem cell differentiation for retinal cell generation.
  • Analysis of developmental pathways critical for neural retina and RPE formation.
  • Examination of in vivo studies utilizing ES cell-derived retinal cells.

Main Results:

  • Human ES cells represent an expandable source for generating retinal cells, including photoreceptors and RPE.
  • Various protocols exist for differentiating ES cells into retinal cell types.
  • In vivo studies demonstrate the potential of ES cell-derived retinal cells for vision restoration.

Conclusions:

  • Human ES cells hold significant promise as a source for retinal cell replacement therapy.
  • Further research into differentiation protocols and in vivo efficacy is warranted.
  • ES cell-based therapies could offer a viable solution for patients with severe retinal degenerations.