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Related Concept Videos

Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
Protein Kinases and Phosphatases02:54

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
Protein kinases
Many proteins in the cell are regulated by phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group. A family of enzymes called kinases...
Protein Kinases and Phosphatases02:54

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
Protein kinases
Many proteins in the cell are regulated by phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group. A family of enzymes called kinases...
IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and produces two-second...
Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer01:35

Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer

Biological membranes show uneven distribution of different types of lipids in the inner and outer layers, resulting in transverse asymmetric membranes. The treatment of the erythrocyte membrane with the enzyme phospholipase confirmed the asymmetric nature of the lipid bilayer. The enzyme hydrolyzes lipids into fatty acids and hydrophilic groups. The phospholipase acts only on the outer layer of the membrane, while the inner layer remains intact. The phospholipase treatment resulted in 80%...
Synthesis of Phosphatidylcholine in the ER Membrane01:27

Synthesis of Phosphatidylcholine in the ER Membrane

The ER synthesizes lipids for building cell membranes and performing cellular functions such as energy storage and signaling. The lipid synthesis machinery embedded in the ER membrane primarily collects all reactants from the cytosol. Following synthesis, the secretory pathway and the ER contact sites distribute these lipids to other cellular organelles. Additionally, the energy-rich triacylglycerides are transported from the ER via lipid droplets.
The major components of all eukaryotic cell...

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Updated: May 9, 2026

Defining Substrate Specificities for Lipase and Phospholipase Candidates
08:59

Defining Substrate Specificities for Lipase and Phospholipase Candidates

Published on: November 23, 2016

Structural insights into phospholipase C-β function.

Angeline M Lyon1, John J G Tesmer

  • 1Life Sciences Institute and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Molecular Pharmacology
|July 25, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Phospholipase C (PLC) enzymes are crucial for cell signaling. Understanding PLCβ regulation by various factors is key to developing targeted drugs for cardiovascular and neuronal diseases.

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PIP-on-a-chip: A Label-free Study of Protein-phosphoinositide Interactions
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PIP-on-a-chip: A Label-free Study of Protein-phosphoinositide Interactions

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A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2
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Defining Substrate Specificities for Lipase and Phospholipase Candidates
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PIP-on-a-chip: A Label-free Study of Protein-phosphoinositide Interactions
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A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2
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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Pharmacology

Background:

  • Phospholipase C (PLC) enzymes generate second messengers diacylglycerol and inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate from phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate.
  • These second messengers trigger intracellular calcium release and protein kinase C activation, leading to significant cellular responses.
  • The PLCβ subfamily is vital in cardiovascular and neuronal signaling, primarily regulated by G protein-coupled receptors and the Gαq subunit.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the complex regulatory mechanisms governing PLCβ enzyme activity.
  • To highlight the significance of understanding PLCβ regulation for therapeutic development.
  • To identify potential targets for selective small molecule modulators of PLCβ.

Main Methods:

  • Review of extensive structural and biochemical evidence.
  • Analysis of regulatory roles of autoinhibitory elements within PLCβ.
  • Investigation of regulatory contributions from Gβγ subunits, small G proteins, and the lipid membrane.

Main Results:

  • PLCβ activity is modulated by multiple factors beyond Gαq, including its own autoinhibitory elements.
  • Gβγ subunits, small molecular weight G proteins, and the lipid membrane also play regulatory roles.
  • The intricate regulation underscores PLCβ's central role in cellular signaling pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Complex regulation of PLCβ activity involves diverse molecular interactions.
  • A deeper understanding of these mechanisms is essential for designing specific PLCβ inhibitors.
  • Targeting PLCβ offers potential therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular and neurological conditions.