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Attachment factors.

Clare L Jolly¹, Quentin J Sattentau

¹Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

|July 26, 2013

Summary

Viruses infect cells by attaching to and entering them, a process often dictated by specific viral receptors. Understanding these virus-receptor interactions is key to comprehending viral tropism and developing antiviral strategies.

Area of Science:

Virology
Cell Biology
Immunology

Background:

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites requiring host cell machinery for replication.
Mammalian viruses exhibit specific cellular tropism, targeting particular cell types for infection.
Viral entry into host cells is a critical step, often initiated by the binding of viral surface proteins to cellular receptors.

Purpose of the Study:

To review well-characterized virus-receptor interactions in mammalian viruses, focusing on human pathogens.
To differentiate between viral attachment receptors and entry receptors.
To discuss evidence, controversies, and uncertainties in the field of viral tropism.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on viral attachment and entry mechanisms.

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Analysis of specific examples of virus-receptor interactions.

Discussion of general principles and exceptions in viral tropism.

Main Results:

Viral specificity in cell tropism is frequently mediated by interactions with cellular receptors (proteins, carbohydrates, or lipids).
Some viruses utilize multiple receptors sequentially for cell entry.
Receptor identification remains challenging for certain viruses, with entry mechanisms still under investigation.

Conclusions:

Viral attachment and entry are complex processes with specific receptor requirements.
Further research is needed to elucidate elusive viral receptors and entry pathways.
Understanding these interactions is crucial for developing targeted antiviral therapies.