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Published on: September 24, 2020
Infection prevention and control measures for acute respiratory infections in healthcare settings: an update
W H Seto1, J M Conly, C L Pessoa-Silva
1Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
Abstract:
Viruses account for the majority of the acute respiratory tract infections (ARIs) globally with a mortality exceeding 4 million deaths per year. The most commonly encountered viruses, in order of frequency, include influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza and adenovirus. Current evidence suggests that the major mode of transmission of ARls is through large droplets, but transmission through contact (including hand contamination with subsequent self-inoculation) and infectious respiratory aerosols of various sizes and at short range (coined as "opportunistic" airborne transmission) may also occur for some pathogens. Opportunistic airborne transmission may occur when conducting highrisk aerosol generating procedures and airborne precautions will be required in this setting. General infection control measures effective for all respiratory viral infections are reviewed and followed by discussion on some of the common viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus and the recently discovered novel coronavirus.
Insights
Respiratory viruses cause most acute respiratory infections (ARIs) globally. Transmission occurs via droplets, contact, and opportunistic airborne routes, necessitating specific infection control measures.
Area of Science:
- Virology
- Infectious Diseases
- Public Health
Background:
- Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are a leading cause of global mortality, exceeding 4 million deaths annually.
- Influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza, and adenovirus are the most frequent viral culprits.
- Understanding transmission routes is crucial for effective control strategies.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review general infection control measures for respiratory viral infections.
- To discuss transmission dynamics, including droplet, contact, and airborne routes.
- To highlight specific considerations for high-risk aerosol-generating procedures.
Main Methods:
- Review of current scientific evidence on viral transmission.
- Analysis of common respiratory viruses and their epidemiological impact.
- Discussion of infection control principles and practices.
Main Results:
- Viruses are the primary cause of ARIs worldwide.
- Transmission occurs through large droplets, contact, and short-range "opportunistic" airborne aerosols.
- Airborne precautions are essential during aerosol-generating procedures.
Conclusions:
- Effective infection control requires understanding diverse transmission routes.
- General measures are vital for all respiratory viral infections.
- Specific protocols are needed for high-risk procedures involving pathogens like SARS coronavirus.
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