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Related Concept Videos

Brainstem01:19

Brainstem

The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
The Midbrain
The midbrain is located beneath the diencephalon and connects the cerebrum with the lower parts of the brain. The cerebral peduncles are prominent midbrain structures that house the...
Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles01:18

Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles

There are hollow fluid-filled cavities known as ventricles deep inside the human brain. There are two lateral ventricles, one in each cerebral hemisphere, and each has three different projections — the anterior, inferior, and posterior horns visible from the lateral side. A thin membrane called the septum pellucidum separates the two lateral ventricles. The slender third ventricle in the diencephalon is connected to each lateral ventricle via a channel called the interventricular foramen. The...
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
Brainstem: Control Centers of Medulla01:21

Brainstem: Control Centers of Medulla

The medulla oblongata is a crucial part of the brainstem responsible for controlling various autonomic and involuntary functions. It contains several nuclei, including the olivary, cuneate, gracile, and solitary nuclei.
Olivary Nucleus
The olivary nucleus, or inferior olivary nucleus, is located within the ventrolateral part of the medulla oblongata. It is primarily involved in motor coordination and motor learning. The olivary nucleus receives input from the spinal cord, cerebellum, and motor...
Veins of Head and Neck01:19

Veins of Head and Neck

The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
On the other hand, the vertebral veins, unlike their arterial counterparts, are not primarily responsible for brain drainage. Instead, they drain the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, and some small...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Microdissection and Whole Mount Scanning Electron Microscopy Visualization of Mouse Choroid Plexus
06:45

Microdissection and Whole Mount Scanning Electron Microscopy Visualization of Mouse Choroid Plexus

Published on: December 16, 2022

Extraventricular choroid plexus papilloma in the brainstem.

Anqi Xiao1, Jianguo Xu, Xin He

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China.

Journal of Neurosurgery. Pediatrics
|July 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Choroid plexus papilloma (CPP) is a rare brainstem tumor. Imaging features like a defined border and minimal edema can help differentiate CPP from glioma, even without typical enhancement.

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Manual Segmentation of the Human Choroid Plexus Using Brain MRI
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Manual Segmentation of the Human Choroid Plexus Using Brain MRI

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Manual Segmentation of the Human Choroid Plexus Using Brain MRI
04:25

Manual Segmentation of the Human Choroid Plexus Using Brain MRI

Published on: December 15, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Pediatric Neurosurgery
  • Neuroradiology

Background:

  • Choroid plexus papilloma (CPP) is exceptionally rare in the brainstem.
  • Brainstem tumors are often misdiagnosed preoperatively.

Observation:

  • A 10-year-old boy presented with a pontine lesion initially misdiagnosed as glioma.
  • Histopathology confirmed the lesion as choroid plexus papilloma after partial resection.
  • MRI revealed a well-defined boundary and minimal cerebral edema, atypical for glioma.

Findings:

  • Brainstem choroid plexus papilloma can present without significant contrast enhancement on MRI.
  • Distinguishing features for brainstem CPP include a well-defined border and absence of significant cerebral edema.
  • Extraventricular CPP should be considered in brainstem tumors lacking marked enhancement.

Implications:

  • Improved diagnostic accuracy for rare brainstem tumors.
  • Refined neuroradiological criteria for differentiating brainstem CPP from other pathologies.
  • Potential impact on surgical planning and patient outcomes for pediatric brainstem tumors.