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Massive Nambu-Goldstone bosons
Haruki Watanabe1, Tomáš Brauner, Hitoshi Murayama
1Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. hwatanabe@berkeley.edu
Physical Review Letters
|July 30, 2013
Summary
Researchers found general Nambu-Goldstone-like excitations in various systems, including quantum chromodynamics. These excitations
Area of Science:
- Condensed matter physics
- High-energy physics
- Quantum field theory
Background:
- Nambu-Goldstone excitations are massless particles associated with spontaneous symmetry breaking.
- Relativistic systems at finite density present unique challenges for understanding emergent phenomena.
Purpose of the Study:
- To demonstrate the general existence of Nambu-Goldstone-like excitations beyond initial relativistic system findings.
- To investigate the properties and dynamics of these excitations in diverse physical systems.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of (anti)ferromagnets in a magnetic field.
- Study of superfluid phases in quantum chromodynamics.
- Derivation of a counting rule for massive Nambu-Goldstone bosons.
- Construction of a low-energy effective Lagrangian.
Main Results:
- Confirmed the general presence of Nambu-Goldstone-like excitations in systems beyond relativistic contexts.
- Identified specific examples in condensed matter (antiferromagnets) and high-energy physics (QCD).
- Established a precise counting rule for these massive bosons.
- Developed an effective Lagrangian to describe their low-energy behavior.
Conclusions:
- The phenomenon of Nambu-Goldstone-like excitations is broadly applicable across various physical systems.
- These excitations are massive, with their energy gap linked to the chemical potential and symmetry algebra.
- The developed effective theory provides a framework for studying their dynamics.
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