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Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

Diamagnetism

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.

Colors and Magnetism

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:

Magnetism

Magnetism

Magnets are commonly found in everyday objects, such as toys, hangers, elevators, doorbells, and computer devices. Experimentation on these magnets shows that all magnets have two poles: one is labeled north (N) and the other south (S). Magnetic poles repel if they are alike and attract if unlike. Moreover, both poles of a magnet attract unmagnetized pieces of iron.
An individual magnetic pole cannot be isolated. No matter how small, every piece of a magnet contains a north pole and a south...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks

Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks

Published on: June 9, 2023

Itinerant versus localized heavy-electron magnetism.

Shintaro Hoshino¹, Yoshio Kuramoto

¹Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.

Physical Review Letters

|July 30, 2013

Summary

This study clarifies the heavy electron itinerant-localized transition in Kondo-Heisenberg lattices using advanced computational methods. It reveals key electronic structures and magnetic fluctuations governing complex phase diagrams in correlated electron systems.

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks

Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks

Published on: June 9, 2023

Advanced Experimental Methods for Low-temperature Magnetotransport Measurement of Novel Materials

Advanced Experimental Methods for Low-temperature Magnetotransport Measurement of Novel Materials

Published on: January 21, 2016

Area of Science:

Condensed matter physics
Quantum magnetism
Strongly correlated electron systems

Background:

Understanding the itinerant-localized transition of heavy electrons is crucial for explaining exotic phenomena in correlated electron materials.
The Kondo-Heisenberg lattice model provides a theoretical framework for studying such transitions.

Purpose of the Study:

To clarify the nature of the itinerant-localized transition of heavy electrons in the Kondo-Heisenberg lattice at finite temperatures.
To achieve a coherent understanding of the rich phase diagrams observed in various heavy fermion compounds.

Main Methods:

Utilizing the continuous-time quantum Monte Carlo (CT-QMC) method.
Combining CT-QMC with dynamical mean-field theory (DMFT).

Main Results:

Derived the phase diagram and electronic structure around the itinerant-localized transition within the antiferromagnetic phase.
Observed nearly flat bands on the Fermi surface with vanishing quasiparticle renormalization factors near the transition.
Identified strong local magnetic fluctuations with a minute energy scale accompanying the transition.

Conclusions:

The study provides a unified explanation for the complex phase diagrams of heavy fermion materials like CeRh(1-x)Co(x)In5, CeRu2(Si(x)Ge(1-x))2, UGe2, and CeT2Al10.
The findings highlight the interplay between magnetic interactions and electronic band structures in driving exotic electronic phases.