Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

GREM1 acts in leptin receptor-expressing skeletal cells to mediate peri-implant fibrosis.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Effects of Type I Interferon Signaling and JAK Kinase Inhibition in a Mouse ACL Reconstruction Model.

Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society·2026

Same author

Beyond Antagonism: IL-4 Exploits TNF signaling to Shape Its Gene Expression Signature in Monocytes and Macrophages.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025

Same author

Opposing regulation of TNF responses by IFN-γ and a PGE2-cAMP axis that is apparent in rheumatoid and immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced arthritis human IL-1β+ macrophages.

eLife·2025

Same author

IL-10 targets IRF transcription factors to suppress IFN and inflammatory response genes by epigenetic mechanisms.

Nature immunology·2025

Same author

Mechanosensing regulates pDC activation in the skin through NRF2 activation.

The Journal of experimental medicine·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Published on: September 26, 2013

PTPN22 in autoimmunity: different cell and different way.

Lionel B Ivashkiv¹

¹Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and Genomics Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10021, USA. ivashkivl@hss.edu

|July 30, 2013

Summary

The tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 enhances toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced type I interferon production in myeloid cells. An autoimmunity-associated variant, PTPN22W, exhibits reduced function, impacting immune responses.

More Related Videos

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Mouse Naïve CD4⁺ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity

Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity

Published on: November 8, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Published on: September 26, 2013

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Mouse Naïve CD4⁺ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity

Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity

Published on: November 8, 2016

Area of Science:

Immunology
Molecular Biology
Genetics

Background:

Tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 is a key regulator of T cell receptor signaling.
Immune cell function is critical for maintaining self-tolerance and preventing autoimmunity.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of PTPN22 in myeloid cell immune responses.
To characterize the functional impact of the autoimmunity-associated PTPN22W variant.

Main Methods:

Analysis of PTPN22 function in myeloid cells.
Assessment of toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced type I interferon production.
Functional characterization of the PTPN22W variant.

Main Results:

PTPN22 potentiates TLR-induced type I interferon production in myeloid cells.
The autoimmunity-associated PTPN22W allele encodes a reduced-function variant.
This suggests a mechanism by which PTPN22 variants contribute to autoimmune diseases.

Conclusions:

PTPN22 plays a significant role in regulating innate immune responses.
Reduced function of the PTPN22W variant may impair immune regulation, potentially contributing to autoimmunity.