Cranial Nerves: Overview and Anatomy
Cranial Nerves: Types Part II
Cranial Nerves: Types Part I
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure
Muscles for Facial Expressions
Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division
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Updated: May 9, 2026

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
Published on: March 1, 2015
F Toulgoat1, J L Sarrazin, F Benoudiba
1Neuroradiologie diagnostique et interventionnelle, Hôpital Laennec, CHU de Nantes, boulevard Jacques-Monod - Saint-Herblain, 44093 Nantes cedex 1, France.
The facial nerve (CN VII) originates in the pons and travels through complex pathways, including the petrous bone. Lesions can affect CN VII and CN VIII, with Bell
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