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Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this information.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Eye Movements in Visual Duration Perception: Disentangling Stimulus from Time in Predecisional Processes

Eye Movements in Visual Duration Perception: Disentangling Stimulus from Time in Predecisional Processes

Published on: January 19, 2024

Anticipatory alpha phase influences visual working memory performance.

Theodore P Zanto¹, James Z Chadick, Adam Gazzaley

¹Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.

|July 30, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Alpha phase in the visual cortex influences working memory. Applying transcranial magnetic stimulation to visual area V5 100ms before stimulus onset improved performance by modulating alpha phase, suggesting anticipation is key.

Keywords:

Alpha band Electroencephalography Motion Phase Transcranial magnetic stimulation Working memory

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Eye Movements in Visual Duration Perception: Disentangling Stimulus from Time in Predecisional Processes

Eye Movements in Visual Duration Perception: Disentangling Stimulus from Time in Predecisional Processes

Published on: January 19, 2024

A Gaze-Contingent Display Framework for Perceptual Learning Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

A Gaze-Contingent Display Framework for Perceptual Learning Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Published on: April 11, 2025

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Neuroscience
Visual Perception

Background:

Alpha band oscillations (8-12 Hz) in the visual cortex are linked to cortical excitability and perceptual processing.
Specific alpha phases at stimulus onset enhance visual detection, but the precise timing of alpha phase influence on cognitive performance remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate whether alpha phase differentially influences cognitive performance at specific times relative to stimulus onset.
To determine the optimal timing of alpha phase modulation for enhancing working memory (WM) performance.

Main Methods:

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) identified task-relevant brain regions (V5, IFJ).
Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) were used during a visual motion direction WM task.
Single-pulse TMS (spTMS) was applied to V5, IFJ, or vertex at various time points relative to stimulus onset.

Main Results:

spTMS to V5, but not IFJ or vertex, improved WM performance (faster response times) when applied 100 ms before stimulus onset during the alpha cycle's peak phase.
Improved performance correlated with reduced early event-related potential (ERP) amplitudes (P1) to probe stimuli.
Greater V5-fronto-parietal functional connectivity was associated with less TMS effect.

Conclusions:

Posterior alpha phase plays a critical role in motion processing for WM encoding.
This influence is time-specific, occurring in anticipation of stimulus onset.
Modulating alpha phase via V5 stimulation can enhance WM performance.