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Related Concept Videos

Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

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Convection Enhanced Delivery of Optogenetic Adeno-associated Viral Vector to the Cortex of Rhesus Macaque Under Guidance of Online MRI Images
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Reovirus-associated meningoencephalomyelitis in baboons.

S Kumar1, E J Dick, Y R Bommineni

  • 1Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Southwest National Primate Research Center, 7620 NW Loop 410, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA.

Veterinary Pathology
|July 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Baboon orthoreovirus (BRV) causes meningoencephalomyelitis (MEM) in baboons. New diagnostic assays confirm BRV as the primary cause of MEM in most affected captive baboons at SNPRC.

Keywords:
Papioencephalitismyelitisnervous systemorthoreovirusprimates

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Pathology
  • Virology
  • Primate Medicine

Background:

  • Baboon orthoreovirus (BRV) has been suspected in causing meningoencephalomyelitis (MEM) in captive baboons at the Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC) for two decades.
  • Previous diagnostic limitations hindered confirmation of BRV as the causative agent of MEM in these animals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate diagnostic assays for detecting Baboon orthoreovirus (BRV).
  • To determine the prevalence and association of BRV with suspected cases of meningoencephalomyelitis (MEM) in baboons at SNPRC.

Main Methods:

  • Development of an immunohistochemistry (IHC)-based assay utilizing an antibody against BRV p15 protein.
  • Development of a conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay with BRV-specific primers.
  • Testing of 68 archived baboon tissue samples suspected of MEM using both IHC and PCR, alongside alphavirus and flavivirus screening.

Main Results:

  • The IHC assay identified BRV in 87% (59/68) of suspected MEM cases.
  • PCR results showed discrepancies with IHC, with some cases testing positive by PCR when negative by IHC, and vice versa.
  • Both developed assays demonstrated a sensitivity of 75% when tested against a virus isolation positive control.

Conclusions:

  • Baboon orthoreovirus (BRV) is the predominant cause of viral non-suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis (MEM) in the studied baboon population at SNPRC.
  • The developed IHC and PCR assays are valuable tools for diagnosing BRV-associated MEM in baboons.
  • BRV should be considered a key differential diagnosis for nonsuppurative MEM in baboons.