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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Reversible and Irreversible Processes01:14

Reversible and Irreversible Processes

The thermodynamic processes can be classified into reversible and irreversible processes. The processes that can be restored to their initial state are called reversible processes. It is only possible if the process is in quasi-static equilibrium, i.e., it takes place in infinitesimally small steps, and the system remains at equilibrium However, these are ideal processes and do not occur naturally. An ideal system undergoing a reversible process is always in thermodynamic equilibrium within...
Entropy Change in Reversible Processes01:10

Entropy Change in Reversible Processes

In the Carnot engine, which achieves the maximum efficiency between two reservoirs of fixed temperatures, the total change in entropy is zero. The observation can be generalized by considering any reversible cyclic process consisting of many Carnot cycles. Thus, it can be stated that the total entropy change of any ideal reversible cycle is zero.
The statement can be further generalized to prove that entropy is a state function. Take a cyclic process between any two points on a p-V diagram.
Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial transdifferentiation occurs...

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Reprogramming Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma to Pluripotency
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Published on: February 2, 2024

End of inevitability: programming and reprogramming.

Kursad Turksen1

  • 1Regenerative Medicine Program, Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada. kursadturksen@gmail.com

Stem Cell Reviews and Reports
|July 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stem cell differentiation is not always unidirectional. Recent studies challenge the deterministic model, opening new avenues for regenerative medicine and drug discovery.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Stem cell biology
  • Cellular reprogramming

Background:

  • The traditional view of stem cell commitment and differentiation is unidirectional and deterministic.
  • This paradigm has been challenged by landmark studies over the past 50 years and recent observations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-evaluate the processes of cellular programming and reprogramming.
  • To explore new therapeutic strategies in drug discovery and regenerative medicine based on revised understanding of cell fate.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical and recent scientific literature on stem cell differentiation.
  • Analysis of experimental evidence challenging the unidirectional model.
  • Conceptual framework development for cellular reprogramming.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests that stem cell differentiation can be reversible or plastic, challenging the deterministic view.
  • Reprogramming processes are more complex and potentially more versatile than previously thought.

Conclusions:

  • The unidirectional and deterministic model of stem cell differentiation requires revision.
  • A deeper understanding of cellular reprogramming offers significant potential for advancing regenerative medicine and drug discovery.