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The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
Evolution
Around 300 million years ago, the two sex chromosomes diverged from two identical autosomal chromosomes. Over time, the Y chromosome has lost most of its genes, shrinking in size. Today,...

Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer

Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer

Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
RSV is a retrovirus that contains two copies of a plus-strand RNA genome. Its genome consists of four main open...

Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer

Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer

Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
RSV is a retrovirus that contains two copies of a plus-strand RNA genome. Its genome consists of four main open...

X and Y Chromosomes

X and Y Chromosomes

Among mammals, the gender of an organism is determined by the sex chromosomes. Humans have two sex chromosomes, X and Y. Every human diploid cell has 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. A human female has two X chromosomes, while a male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
The germline cells such as egg and sperm cells carry only half the number of chromosomes, i.e., 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome. All eggs have an X chromosome, while sperm cells can carry an X or...

The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes

The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes

In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female Drosophila...

Dosage Compensation

Dosage Compensation

In animals, gender is determined by the number and type of sex chromosome. For example, human females have two X chromosomes, and males have one X and one Y chromosome, whereas C.elegans with one X chromosome is a male, and the one with two X chromosomes is a hermaphrodite.
In addition to sexual development, the X chromosome has genes involved in autosomal functions such as brain development and the immune system. Therefore, males and females with distinct numbers of X chromosomes will have...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Engineering Artificial Factors to Specifically Manipulate Alternative Splicing in Human Cells

Engineering Artificial Factors to Specifically Manipulate Alternative Splicing in Human Cells

Published on: April 26, 2017

The male-specific factor Sry harbors an oncogenic function.

S Murakami¹, S Chishima¹, H Uemoto¹

¹Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan.

|July 30, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Sex-determining region Y (Sry) transcription factor upregulates Sgf29 gene expression, driving malignant transformation in male rodent hepatocellular carcinoma (rHCC). This identifies Sry as a key regulator in male-specific rHCC progression.

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Area of Science:

Epigenetics
Molecular Biology
Cancer Research

Background:

Sgf29, a component of the SAGA complex, acetylates histone H3 and is implicated in malignant transformation.
Downregulation of Sgf29 has previously been shown to suppress c-Myc-mediated malignant transformation.
The upstream regulator controlling Sgf29 gene expression remains unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify the upstream regulator of the Sgf29 gene.
To investigate the role of Sry in regulating Sgf29 expression and its impact on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) malignancy.
To elucidate the mechanism by which Sry influences HCC progression.

Main Methods:

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays to determine Sry binding to the Sgf29 promoter.
Luciferase reporter assays to assess Sry's transcriptional activity on the Sgf29 gene.
Gene knockdown and ectopic expression studies in male rodent hepatocellular carcinoma (rHCC) cell lines to evaluate functional consequences.

Main Results:

Sry directly upregulates Sgf29 gene expression by binding to HMG-boxes in its proximal promoter region.
Sry expression was deregulated in tested male rodent hepatocellular carcinoma (rHCC) cell lines.
Knockdown of Sry reduced anchorage-independent growth, invasiveness, and tumorigenicity of rHCC cells.
Ectopic expression of Sry enhanced the malignant properties of rHCC cells.

Conclusions:

Sry acts as a direct transcriptional activator of the Sgf29 gene.
Sry plays a crucial role in the malignant conversion of male rodent hepatocellular carcinoma (rHCC).
Sry-mediated upregulation of Sgf29 contributes to male-specific HCC progression.