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Related Concept Videos

Oogenesis02:07

Oogenesis

In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
Oogenesis01:22

Oogenesis

Oogenesis,  the process of developing egg cells (female gametes), occurs within the ovaries and is fundamental to female fertility. This sequence begins during fetal development when diploid oogonia in the developing ovaries undergo mitotic divisions to produce primary oocytes. By birth, these primary oocytes enter prophase I of meiosis but become arrested in this stage, remaining suspended until puberty.
Each primary oocyte is surrounded by a layer of pre-granulosa cells, forming what is known...
Menopause01:28

Menopause

Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
Infertility in Females01:28

Infertility in Females

Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
Endometriosis, a condition characterized by abnormal growth of endometrial...
Ovarian Cycle01:27

Ovarian Cycle

The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle length...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

A Modified Technique for Inducing Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Mice
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Polycystic ovaries - beyond menopause.

D Shah1, S Bansal

  • 1Gynaecworld , Kwality House, Mumbai , India.

Climacteric : the Journal of the International Menopause Society
|July 31, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder affecting reproductive-aged women. PCOS women experience persistent hyperandrogenism and metabolic issues post-menopause, increasing risks for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

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A Hyperandrogenic Mouse Model to Study Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Published on: October 2, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Metabolic Health

Background:

  • Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most prevalent endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age.
  • PCOS is characterized by ovulatory dysfunction, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovarian morphology, affecting 8-10% of women.
  • PCOS is associated with metabolic complications including impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, and increased risk of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define the phenotype of PCOS in menopausal women.
  • To investigate the persistence of PCOS characteristics and metabolic alterations after menopause.
  • To clarify the association between PCOS and cardiovascular disease risk in postmenopausal women.

Main Methods:

  • Review of studies defining PCOS phenotype in postmenopausal women using historical data (oligomenorrhea, infertility, hyperandrogenism).
  • Analysis of persistent hyperandrogenism and metabolic alterations (insulin resistance) post-menopause in women with PCOS.
  • Examination of the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its link to cardiovascular disease risk in PCOS patients.

Main Results:

  • Hyperandrogenism and metabolic alterations like insulin resistance persist in PCOS women after menopause.
  • Metabolic syndrome is more common in women with PCOS, correlating with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
  • The exact contribution of PCOS to long-term cardiovascular disease risk remains uncertain.

Conclusions:

  • PCOS women exhibit persistent hyperandrogenism and metabolic disturbances post-menopause, heightening susceptibility to type 2 diabetes.
  • The increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome in PCOS suggests a potential link to cardiovascular disease, though further research is needed.
  • Clarifying the long-term cardiovascular disease risk in PCOS is crucial for guiding appropriate screening and management strategies in affected women.