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Updated: May 9, 2026

A Mouse Model of Single and Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Published on: June 20, 2017
Pain and mild traumatic brain injury: the implications of pain severity on emotional and cognitive functioning
Christina Weyer Jamora1, Sara C Schroeder, Ronald M Ruff
1San Francisco Clinical Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA, USA. cyweyer@aol.com
Primary Objective:
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of high chronic pain on (a) neuropsychological test performance and (b) self-reported emotional complaints in persons suffering from Postconcussional Disorders (PCD) after a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI).
Research Design:
A two-group comparative research design was employed.
Methods And Procedure:
An outpatient sample of 66 patients with mild TBI and PCD using the Ruff Neurobehavioural Inventory (RNBI) and a neuropsychological test battery.
Main Outcomes And Results:
According to ANOVAs, no significant between-group differences were found on neuropsychological test performances; however, the high pain group had significantly more emotional residuals; particularly elevated on the RNBI were the Anger and Aggression, Anxiety, Depression and Paranoia and Suspicion sub-scales. Furthermore, an ANOVA found participants of the high pain group reporting significantly higher impairments on the RNBI Cognitive, Physical and Quality-of-Life composite scores and several RNBI sub-scales compared to their pre-morbid functioning.
Conclusions:
High chronic pain exacerbates the emotional aspect of PCD and, therefore, should be given special observance in treatment settings.
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