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Related Concept Videos

Accessory Structures of the Eye01:17

Accessory Structures of the Eye

Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
Circular Orbits and Critical Velocity for Satellites01:16

Circular Orbits and Critical Velocity for Satellites

The Moon orbits around the Earth. In turn, the Earth (and other planets) orbit the Sun. The space directly above our atmosphere is filled with artificial satellites in orbit. One can examine the circular orbit, the simplest kind of orbit, to understand the relationship between the speed and the period of planets and satellites with respect to their positions and the bodies that they orbit.
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Radius of Gyration of an Area01:12

Radius of Gyration of an Area

The second moment of area, also known as the moment of inertia of area, is a crucial factor in understanding an object's resistance against bending deformation, or stiffness. To accurately estimate the second moment of area along any axis, one needs to concentrate all areas associated with that object into a thin strip, which should be placed parallel to that particular axis.
Routh-Hurwitz Criterion II01:19

Routh-Hurwitz Criterion II

In the application of the Routh-Hurwitz criterion, two specific scenarios can arise that complicate stability analysis.
The first scenario occurs when a singular zero appears in the first column of the Routh table. This situation creates a division by zero issues. To resolve this, a small positive or negative number, denoted as epsilon (∈), is substituted for the zero. The stability analysis proceeds by assuming a sign for ∈. If ∈ is positive, any sign change in the first column of the Routh...
Focusing of Light in the Eye01:16

Focusing of Light in the Eye

Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, a transparent dome-shaped tissue that is the eye's outermost layer. The cornea bends or refracts, light rays traveling to the pupil. The shape of the cornea determines how much of the light is bent and whether the image will be focused correctly on the retina at the back of the eye. Once the light has passed through both refraction layers, it converges into a single focal point onto a small area. This is where photoreceptors start transforming...
Atomic Orbitals02:44

Atomic Orbitals

An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures
08:18

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures

Published on: May 16, 2025

Orbital richter syndrome.

Hayyam Kiratli1, Berçin Tarlan, Salih Uzun

  • 1Ocular Oncology Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine , Ankara , Turkey and.

Orbit (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
|July 31, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Richter syndrome, a complication of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, can manifest solely in the orbit. Orbital involvement in Richter syndrome may present a more favorable prognosis than systemic disease.

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Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Ophthalmology
  • Hematology

Background:

  • Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a common B-cell malignancy.
  • Richter syndrome (RS) is a transformation of CLL into an aggressive lymphoma.
  • Extranodal involvement in RS is well-documented, but orbital presentation is rare.

Observation:

  • Two patients with CLL developed Richter syndrome exclusively in the orbit.
  • One patient presented with an inferotemporal orbital tumor; the other had a lacrimal gland tumor.
  • Histopathology revealed diffuse CD20, CD23, CD5, bcl2, and bcl6 positive lymphocytic infiltration.

Findings:

  • Both patients received chemotherapy and rituximab treatment.
  • Follow-up over 3 years showed no recurrence of orbital or systemic disease.
  • Orbital Richter syndrome, in these cases, demonstrated a potentially better prognosis than systemic RS.

Implications:

  • Richter syndrome should be considered in CLL patients with new-onset orbital symptoms.
  • Orbital imaging and biopsy are crucial for diagnosis.
  • Early detection and treatment of orbital RS may lead to favorable outcomes.