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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
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In Vitro Resident Memory CD8 T Cell Differentiation Using Epithelial Organoid-T Cell Co-culture System
09:48

In Vitro Resident Memory CD8 T Cell Differentiation Using Epithelial Organoid-T Cell Co-culture System

Published on: February 3, 2026

Virtual memory CD8 T cells display unique functional properties.

June-Yong Lee1, Sara E Hamilton, Adovi D Akue

  • 1Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|July 31, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Naturally arising virtual memory (VM) CD8 T cells possess unique functions distinct from conventional memory cells. These VM cells effectively control Listeria monocytogenes infection, bridging innate and adaptive immunity.

Keywords:
homeostasislymphocyte

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Infectious Disease

Background:

  • Unimmunized mice harbor foreign antigen-specific memory phenotype CD8 T cells, termed virtual memory (VM) cells.
  • VM cells are thought to arise from physiological homeostatic mechanisms.
  • The precise function and pathogen response contribution of VM cells remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the antigen-specific function of naturally occurring VM CD8 T cells.
  • To compare VM cell properties with naive and conventional memory CD8 T cells.
  • To assess the role of VM cells in host defense against pathogens.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of polyclonal VM CD8 T cell populations in naive mice.
  • Assessment of T cell receptor-induced cytokine production (IFN-γ).
  • Evaluation of VM cell differentiation potential upon antigen priming.
  • Infection model using Listeria monocytogenes to test pathogen control.

Main Results:

  • Naturally occurring VM CD8 T cells exhibit unique functional properties distinct from naive and antigen-primed memory cells.
  • VM cells display reduced T cell receptor-induced IFN-γ synthesis compared to conventional memory cells.
  • Upon priming, VM cells preferentially differentiate into central memory phenotype cells.
  • VM cells demonstrate effective control of Listeria monocytogenes infection, indicating pathogen-eliminating capacity.

Conclusions:

  • Naturally arising VM CD8 T cells possess distinct functional characteristics.
  • VM cells exhibit memory-like capabilities in controlling specific pathogen infections.
  • These findings suggest VM cells act as a crucial link between innate and adaptive immunity during pathogen responses.