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Related Concept Videos

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent years,...
Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent years,...
Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
Human Genetics01:28

Human Genetics

Human genetics provides a profound framework for understanding the interplay between genetic predispositions and human psychology. At the heart of this discipline lies the study of how genes influence physical traits, behaviors, and susceptibility to diseases. Each person carries a unique genetic code that subtly or significantly shapes their psychological and behavioral landscape.
The complex relationship between genetics and psychology is observable through common biological components such...
Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses02:45

Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses

The circadian—or biological—clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities over 24-hour cycles called circadian rhythms. Photoperiodism is a collective term for the biological responses of plants to variations in the relative lengths of dark and light periods. The period of light-exposure is called the photoperiod.
Genetic Variation01:25

Genetic Variation

Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
Genes exist in different versions called alleles, which...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Parallel Measurement of Circadian Clock Gene Expression and Hormone Secretion in Human Primary Cell Cultures
06:53

Parallel Measurement of Circadian Clock Gene Expression and Hormone Secretion in Human Primary Cell Cultures

Published on: November 11, 2016

Diversity of human clock genotypes and consequences.

Luoying Zhang1, Louis J Ptáček, Ying-Hui Fu

  • 1Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.

Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science
|August 1, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Genetic variations in molecular clock genes influence circadian rhythms and related health conditions like sleep and metabolism. Further research into these human clock-gene variants can improve overall health.

Keywords:
Human circadian clockHuman sleep behaviorsHuman sleep duration

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Parallel Measurement of Circadian Clock Gene Expression and Hormone Secretion in Human Primary Cell Cultures
06:53

Parallel Measurement of Circadian Clock Gene Expression and Hormone Secretion in Human Primary Cell Cultures

Published on: November 11, 2016

Human Circadian Phenotyping and Diurnal Performance Testing in the Real World
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Published on: April 7, 2020

Monitoring Cell-autonomous Circadian Clock Rhythms of Gene Expression Using Luciferase Bioluminescence Reporters
10:38

Monitoring Cell-autonomous Circadian Clock Rhythms of Gene Expression Using Luciferase Bioluminescence Reporters

Published on: September 27, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Chronobiology
  • Human Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The molecular clock comprises genes in feedback loops generating circadian oscillations.
  • Circadian rhythms regulate crucial behavioral and physiological processes.
  • Genetic variations in clock genes are linked to diverse phenotypes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between human clock-gene variants and phenotypic differences.
  • To understand the molecular consequences of genetic polymorphisms in clock genes.
  • To explore how circadian clock diversity impacts health and potential interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of genetic variations (polymorphisms) in human clock genes.
  • Correlation of genotypes with observed phenotypic effects.
  • Review of existing literature and rodent model studies on clock gene mutations.

Main Results:

  • Human clock-gene variants are associated with variations in diurnal preference, sleep, metabolism, mood, addiction, and fertility.
  • Rodent models with clock gene mutations exhibit similar phenotypic alterations.
  • These findings suggest a significant role for human clock-gene variants in individual differences.

Conclusions:

  • Human clock-gene variants contribute to phenotypic diversity in behavioral and physiological processes.
  • Further characterization of molecular consequences is needed to validate these associations.
  • Understanding circadian clock genetics can advance health and wellness strategies.