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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

A Model for Epilepsy of Infectious Etiology using Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus
05:33

A Model for Epilepsy of Infectious Etiology using Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus

Published on: June 23, 2022

[Lethargic encephalitis. Report of one case].

Sabrina F Vadalá1, Débora Pellegrini, Emanuel D Silva

  • 1Servicio de Clínica Médica, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Revista Medica De Chile
|August 1, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Lethargic encephalitis (LE) is a rare CNS disorder. Steroid treatment dramatically improved a patient with LE presenting with severe neurological symptoms and seizures.

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

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A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Lethargic encephalitis (LE) is a Central Nervous System disorder often following upper respiratory infections.
  • It presents with sleep disturbances, basal ganglia signs, and potential neuropsychiatric issues.

Observation:

  • A case of an 18-year-old male with sinusitis history presented with fever, headache, confusion, and myoclonus.
  • Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed mononuclear pleocytosis and elevated protein.
  • The patient developed mechanical ventilation needs, status epilepticus, rigidity, and tremors.

Findings:

  • Magnetic resonance imaging showed hyperintensities in the right insular cortex.
  • The patient exhibited extreme rigidity, catatonia, and mutism, suggesting LE.
  • Methylprednisolone and prednisone treatment led to a dramatic improvement in rigidity and tremors.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the potential for LE following sinusitis.
  • Early recognition and steroid therapy may be crucial for managing LE symptoms.
  • Further research into LE pathogenesis and treatment is warranted.