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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

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A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images
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A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images

Published on: April 21, 2023

Hyperfunction thyroid nodules: their risk for becoming or being associated with thyroid cancers.

Eun Sun Lee1, Ji-Hoon Kim, Dong Gyu Na

  • 1Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea.

Korean Journal of Radiology
|August 1, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Patients with hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules have a risk of coexisting thyroid cancer. Ultrasonography is recommended to screen for these cancers, as they may not be apparent through standard thyroid scans alone.

Keywords:
GuidelineHyperfunctioning noduleRadionuclide imagingThyroid cancerUltrasonography

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules are typically considered benign.
  • However, the potential for coexisting thyroid cancer in these nodules requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the risk of thyroid cancer in patients with hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules.
  • To analyze the utility of ultrasonography in identifying suspicious nodules in this patient group.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 107 patients with hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules (hot spots on scans, low TSH).
  • Detailed ultrasonographic and pathological correlation for 32 patients.
  • Nodules classified by size and ultrasonographic features (benign, indeterminate, suspicious malignant).

Main Results:

  • 42 hyperfunctioning and 68 coexisting nodules identified in 32 patients.
  • Over 78% of patients had nodules with suspicious or indeterminate features requiring fine needle aspiration (FNA).
  • Thyroid cancer was diagnosed in 7 patients (6.5%), with cancers found in both hyperfunctioning and coexisting nodules.

Conclusions:

  • Hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules do not exclude the possibility of concurrent thyroid cancer.
  • Ultrasonography is a crucial tool for screening and identifying potentially malignant nodules in patients with hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules.
  • Early detection through ultrasonography can aid in managing thyroid cancer risk.