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Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...
Human Virome01:26

Human Virome

The human body harbors a vast and diverse viral community known as the human virome. The virome includes bacteriophages that infect bacteria, and eukaryotic viruses that infect human cells. Transient dietary and environmental viruses also contribute to this dynamic ecosystem. Estimates suggest the human body may contain on the order of 10¹³ viral particles, though abundance varies widely by body site and detection method.Comprehensive characterization of the virome has become possible only with...
Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

MicroRNA-based Regulation of Picornavirus Tropism
09:05

MicroRNA-based Regulation of Picornavirus Tropism

Published on: February 6, 2017

The interplay between MDV and HVT affects viral miRNa expression.

Mohamed Goher1, Julie A Hicks, Hsiao-Ching Liu

  • 1Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.

Avian Diseases
|August 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Co-infection with Marek

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Herpesviruses encode microRNAs (miRNAs) crucial for infection.
  • Understanding viral miRNA expression during co-infection is vital.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how co-infection with Marek disease virus (MDV) and herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) impacts viral miRNA expression in vivo.
  • To identify differentially expressed MDV and HVT miRNAs during co-infection.

Main Methods:

  • Small RNA deep sequencing to identify MDV1 miRNAs in MDV-infected spleens.
  • Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) to assess miRNA expression at early (7 dpi) and late (42 dpi) time points.
  • RT-PCR to determine the effect of MDV1 co-infection on HVT-encoded miRNAs.

Main Results:

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  • Diverse miRNAs were expressed in MDV-induced spleens, with mdv1-miR-M4-5p and mdv1-miR-M2-3p being highly abundant.
  • Nine MDV miRNAs showed differential expression between 7 and 42 dpi.
  • Co-infection altered the expression of both MDV and HVT miRNAs at different time points.
  • Target prediction indicated roles in cell proliferation and adaptive immunity.

Conclusions:

  • Co-infection significantly alters the expression profiles of both MDV and HVT miRNAs.
  • Differentially expressed viral miRNAs likely modulate host cellular processes, including immune response and proliferation.
  • Findings provide insights into the complex interplay of viral miRNAs during co-infection.