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Related Concept Videos

Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
Proton (¹H) NMR: Chemical Shift01:07

Proton (¹H) NMR: Chemical Shift

Organic molecules primarily contain carbon and hydrogen atoms. While all the hydrogen isotopes are NMR-active, protium or hydrogen-1 is the most abundant. It has a significant energy separation between its nuclear spin states due to its large gyromagnetic ratio. As per Boltzmann's distribution, an increase in the energy separation implies a greater excess population of nuclei available for excitation, resulting in a strong NMR absorption signal.
Absorption signals of all the protium nuclei in a...
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
Intermolecular Forces and Physical Properties02:56

Intermolecular Forces and Physical Properties

Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

An Externally-Heated Diamond Anvil Cell for Synthesis and Single-Crystal Elasticity Determination of Ice-VII at High Pressure-Temperature Conditions
07:48

An Externally-Heated Diamond Anvil Cell for Synthesis and Single-Crystal Elasticity Determination of Ice-VII at High Pressure-Temperature Conditions

Published on: June 18, 2020

Proton dynamics in ice VII at high pressures.

Y Finkelstein1, R Moreh

  • 1Nuclear Research Center-Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|August 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Proton kinetic energies in ice decrease with increasing pressure, nearing symmetric hydrogen bonding. These findings align with similar studies on other hydrogen-bonded materials.

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • High-pressure studies of ice are crucial for understanding planetary interiors.
  • Hydrogen bonding in ice exhibits complex behavior under extreme conditions.
  • Proton kinetic energy is a key parameter in characterizing hydrogen bonds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To calculate proton kinetic energies (Ke(H)) in ice under high pressures.
  • To investigate the relationship between pressure, hydrogen bond symmetry, and Ke(H).
  • To compare findings with other hydrogen-bonded systems.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the harmonic approximation for calculations.
  • Incorporated literature data for optical frequencies and H2O geometry.

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High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions
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High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions

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High-Pressure NMR Experiments for Detecting Protein Low-Lying Conformational States
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High-Pressure NMR Experiments for Detecting Protein Low-Lying Conformational States

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 9, 2026

An Externally-Heated Diamond Anvil Cell for Synthesis and Single-Crystal Elasticity Determination of Ice-VII at High Pressure-Temperature Conditions
07:48

An Externally-Heated Diamond Anvil Cell for Synthesis and Single-Crystal Elasticity Determination of Ice-VII at High Pressure-Temperature Conditions

Published on: June 18, 2020

High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions
08:42

High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions

Published on: October 10, 2014

High-Pressure NMR Experiments for Detecting Protein Low-Lying Conformational States
04:37

High-Pressure NMR Experiments for Detecting Protein Low-Lying Conformational States

Published on: June 29, 2021

  • Calculated Ke(H) at 298 K for ice VII up to 63 GPa.
  • Main Results:

    • Ke(H) values showed a gradual decrease with increasing pressure.
    • The results indicate an approach towards symmetric hydrogen bonding (OH-O).
    • Calculations for D2O were also performed, showing similar trends.

    Conclusions:

    • Proton kinetic energy in ice is sensitive to pressure-induced structural changes.
    • The observed trend supports theoretical models of hydrogen bond symmetrization.
    • Findings provide insights into the behavior of water under extreme pressure conditions.