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Related Concept Videos

Effects of EDTA on End-Point Detection Methods01:18

Effects of EDTA on End-Point Detection Methods

Different methods, such as visual observance of metal-ion indicators, spectroscopic techniques, and potentiometric methods, can determine the endpoint of an EDTA titration.
In the visual method, metal-ion indicators (metallochromic dyes), which have distinct colors in their free and complex forms, are added to the mixture to signal the titration's end point. They form stable complexes with metal ions, but these complexes are weaker than the corresponding metal–EDTA complexes. As a result, EDTA...
Complexometric Titration: Overview00:39

Complexometric Titration: Overview

Complexometric titration involves the formation of a complex by reacting a metal ion with one or more ligands. A visual indicator often detects the end point of a complexometric titration. It is added to the metal solution before the titration, forming a stable metal–indicator complex and imparting color to the solution. As the titration approaches the equivalence point, the excess of the added ligand displaces the indicator from the metal–indicator complex, releasing the free indicator. The...
Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is formed in...
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Drug Analysis Methods01:26

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Drug Analysis Methods

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is a clinical practice that measures specific drug levels in a patient's blood or body tissues to tailor drug therapy effectively. This monitoring is critical for managing drugs with narrow therapeutic indices like digoxin and phenytoin, ensuring they are both safe and effective. For instance, monitoring theophylline levels in asthma patients involves precision and sensitivity to adjust doses according to individual responses to therapy, ensuring efficacy and...

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Updated: May 9, 2026

Standards for Quantitative Metalloproteomic Analysis Using Size Exclusion ICP-MS
09:51

Standards for Quantitative Metalloproteomic Analysis Using Size Exclusion ICP-MS

Published on: April 13, 2016

Metallothionein as a tool in biomonitoring programmes.

Aldo Viarengo Bruno Burlando Francesco Dondero Anna Marro Rita Fabbri

    Biomarkers : Biochemical Indicators of Exposure, Response, and Susceptibility to Chemicals
    |August 2, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary

    Metallothioneins (MTs) function as stress proteins in fish and are specific biomarkers for heavy metal exposure in molluscs. Evaluating MTs aids in assessing aquatic organism health in biomonitoring programs.

    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Environmental Toxicology
    • Molecular Biology

    Background:

    • Metallothioneins (MTs) are low-molecular-weight, cysteine-rich proteins involved in cellular metal homeostasis and detoxification.
    • Understanding MT biochemical properties and cellular functions is crucial for their application in environmental monitoring.
    • Recent advances in MT gene regulation and inducibility provide a basis for evaluating their role as biomarkers.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the potential of metallothioneins (MTs) as biomarkers of exposure in aquatic organisms (fishes and molluscs).
    • To assess the specific role of MTs in response to heavy metal exposure in different aquatic species.
    • To discuss the application of MTs in biomonitoring programs for evaluating the physiological status of aquatic organisms.

    Main Methods:

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    Quantification of Metal Leaching in Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography
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    Published on: January 17, 2020

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    Standards for Quantitative Metalloproteomic Analysis Using Size Exclusion ICP-MS
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    Published on: April 13, 2016

    Quantification of Metal Leaching in Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography
    05:35

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    Published on: January 17, 2020

    • Review of biochemical features and functional roles of metallothioneins.
    • Analysis of recent knowledge on MT gene regulation and inducibility in aquatic organisms.
    • Evaluation of common techniques for MT assessment, including a novel spectrophotometric method.

    Main Results:

    • In fish, MTs function as stress proteins highly responsive to heavy metals.
    • In molluscs, particularly mussels, MTs are specifically involved in heavy metal responses, making them suitable biomarkers.
    • MTs are valuable indicators for assessing heavy metal pollution and the physiological status of aquatic life.

    Conclusions:

    • Metallothioneins serve as effective biomarkers for heavy metal exposure in aquatic ecosystems.
    • MTs in molluscs show high specificity for heavy metal responses, ideal for biomonitoring.
    • Proper utilization of MT evaluation in biomonitoring programs enhances the assessment of aquatic organism health.