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Updated: May 9, 2026

Hydrogen Charging of Aluminum using Friction in Water

Hydrogen Charging of Aluminum using Friction in Water

Published on: January 28, 2020

Electronic excitations and metallization of dense solid hydrogen.

R E Cohen¹, Ivan I Naumov, Russell J Hemley

¹Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA. rcohen@carnegiescience.edu

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

|August 2, 2013

Summary

Dense solid hydrogen exhibits unique layered structures, differing from previous metallization theories. This discovery impacts understanding of hydrogen

Keywords:

density functional theory diamond anvil cells optical spectroscopy semimetal absorption

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Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

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Area of Science:

Condensed matter physics
Materials science
High-pressure physics

Background:

The metallization of hydrogen under extreme pressure is a long-standing challenge in physics.
Previous models proposed close-packed monoatomic structures or simple metallization mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the unique scenario for hydrogen metallization based on theoretical calculations and experimental data.
To clarify the electronic and optical properties of dense solid hydrogen.

Main Methods:

Theoretical calculations of dense solid hydrogen.
Assessment of recent experimental results, including optical spectra.
Analysis of electronic structures and optical responses.

Main Results:

Dense hydrogen forms layered structures analogous to graphene, influencing its electronic properties.
The metallization mechanism is distinct from previously proposed models, featuring a complex optical response.
The shift in the visible absorption edge does not determine band gap closure.

Conclusions:

The metallization of hydrogen occurs via a novel mechanism involving graphene-like layered structures.
Experimental signatures of hydrogen metallization are significantly different from prior predictions.
New interpretations of optical spectra are required for understanding hydrogen phases III and IV.