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Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers. Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis. Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold sister...

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.

Population Growth

Population Growth

Population size is dynamic, increasing with birth rates and immigration, and decreasing with death rates and emigration. In ideal conditions with unlimited resources, populations can increase exponentially, which plots as a J-shaped growth rate curve of population size against time. This type of curve is characteristic of newly-introduced invasive species, or populations that have suffered catastrophic declines and are rebounding.

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
Before the start of mitosis and meiosis I, the cell synthesizes DNA, resulting in two homologous copies of each chromosome. DNA synthesis is...

Viral Recombination

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Model Surgical Training: Skills Acquisition in Fetoscopic Laser Photocoagulation of Monochorionic Diamniotic Twin Placenta Using Realistic Simulators

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Published on: March 21, 2018

The multiple birth epidemic: revisited.

Sarit Avraham¹, Daniel S Seidman

¹IVF Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.

Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India

|August 2, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

New infertility treatments can reduce multiple births and associated child morbidity without lowering success rates. Research shows a clear capacity to prevent the "multiple birth epidemic" and improve long-term outcomes for children.

Keywords:

Assisted reproductive technology Elective single embryo transfer Gonadotropins Ovulation induction Perinatal outcome

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Area of Science:

Reproductive Medicine
Obstetrics
Pediatric Morbidity

Background:

Hormonal ovulation induction drugs, introduced over 50 years ago, significantly increased multiple births.
Despite advancements in monitoring ovulation induction and controlling embryo transfer in IVF, multiple births remain a major cause of child morbidity.
The
multiple birth epidemic
, coined in the 1960s, persists as an urgent concern in infertility treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate methods for reducing the incidence of multiple births in infertility treatment.
To assess the impact of these methods on long-term child morbidity.
To determine if risk reduction can be achieved without compromising current infertility treatment success rates.

Main Methods:

Review of recent research on ovulation induction and in vitro fertilization (IVF) protocols.
Analysis of data correlating infertility treatment methods with multiple birth rates and child morbidity outcomes.
Evaluation of strategies aimed at mitigating the risks associated with assisted reproductive technologies.

Main Results:

Emerging research indicates a capacity to decrease the risk of multiple births.
These strategies show potential for reducing associated long-term child morbidity.
Current high success rates of infertility treatments can be maintained while implementing risk-reduction measures.

Conclusions:

It is possible to reduce multiple births and their sequelae in infertility care.
New approaches offer a way to mitigate risks without sacrificing treatment efficacy.
Addressing the
multiple birth epidemic
is achievable and crucial for improving child health outcomes.