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Updated: May 9, 2026

Design of Cecal Ligation and Puncture and Intranasal Infection Dual Model of Sepsis-Induced Immunosuppression

Design of Cecal Ligation and Puncture and Intranasal Infection Dual Model of Sepsis-Induced Immunosuppression

Published on: June 15, 2019

Sepsis-associated encephalopathy.

Simona Cotena¹, Ornella Piazza

¹Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Anestesiologiche Rianimatorie e dell'Emergenza, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II".

Translational Medicine @ Unisa

|August 2, 2013

Summary

Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a brain dysfunction from infection response, not direct brain infection. Early diagnosis and sepsis treatment are crucial for potential recovery and improved survival outcomes.

Keywords:

S100B Sepsis-associated encephalopathy blood brain barrier brain edema

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Cecal Ligation Puncture Procedure

Cecal Ligation Puncture Procedure

Published on: May 7, 2011

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Design of Cecal Ligation and Puncture and Intranasal Infection Dual Model of Sepsis-Induced Immunosuppression

Design of Cecal Ligation and Puncture and Intranasal Infection Dual Model of Sepsis-Induced Immunosuppression

Published on: June 15, 2019

Cecal Ligation Puncture Procedure

Cecal Ligation Puncture Procedure

Published on: May 7, 2011

Area of Science:

Neurology
Critical Care Medicine
Infectious Diseases

Background:

Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a common complication of severe sepsis.
It presents as altered consciousness and is diagnosed by excluding other causes.
SAE pathogenesis is multifactorial and occurs early in sepsis progression.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the definition, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and outcomes of SAE.
To highlight the role of diagnostic tools like EEG, MRI, and SEPs.
To discuss current understanding of SAE management and prognosis.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies on sepsis-associated encephalopathy.
Analysis of diagnostic criteria and neuroimaging findings.
Evaluation of biomarkers and prognostic factors for SAE.

Main Results:

SAE is characterized by altered consciousness, with EEG being sensitive but non-specific.
CT scans are typically normal, while MRI may show non-specific abnormalities.
Somatosensitive Evoked Potentials (SEPs) are sensitive markers; CSF analysis is usually normal, and biomarker data (S100B, NSE) are controversial.
SAE can be reversible, but cognitive sequelae are common, and it negatively impacts survival.

Conclusions:

SAE is a critical neurological complication of sepsis requiring prompt sepsis management.
While specific therapies for SAE are lacking, supportive care and treating the underlying infection are key.
Early recognition and management of sepsis are vital to improve patient outcomes and reduce long-term neurological deficits.