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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess the...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis III01:31

Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:
Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV01:26

Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV

Tuberculosis, more commonly referred to as TB, is an infectious disease stemming from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it primarily impacts the lungs, TB can also affect other body areas. Given its severity and global impact, timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for controlling its spread and improving patient outcomes.
Several diagnostic approaches are used to detect TB. The conventional method is the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), also known as the Mantoux test. However, this method has...
Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology01:24

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to structural...

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Updated: May 9, 2026

Establishment of the Dual Humanized TK-NOG Mouse Model for HIV-associated Liver Pathogenesis
10:12

Establishment of the Dual Humanized TK-NOG Mouse Model for HIV-associated Liver Pathogenesis

Published on: September 11, 2019

Liver Function Profile Anomalies in HIV Seropositive Tuberculosis.

Subir Kumar Dey1, Indranath Ghosh, Debojyoti Bhattacharjee

  • 1Professor & Head, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Calcutta National Medical College , Kolkata, West Bengal,India .

Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research : JCDR
|August 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Tuberculosis (TB) co-infection significantly elevate liver enzymes before treatment. Baseline liver function tests (LFTs) are crucial for managing patients on Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) and Antitubercular Drugs (ATD).

Keywords:
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)Liver Function Test (LFT)Tuberculosis (TB)

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Processing of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Matched Blood for Alveolar Macrophage and CD4+ T-cell Immunophenotyping and HIV Reservoir Assessment
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Processing of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Matched Blood for Alveolar Macrophage and CD4+ T-cell Immunophenotyping and HIV Reservoir Assessment

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Sequencing of Bacterial Microflora in Peripheral Blood: our Experience with HIV-infected Patients
13:50

Sequencing of Bacterial Microflora in Peripheral Blood: our Experience with HIV-infected Patients

Published on: June 11, 2011

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Establishment of the Dual Humanized TK-NOG Mouse Model for HIV-associated Liver Pathogenesis
10:12

Establishment of the Dual Humanized TK-NOG Mouse Model for HIV-associated Liver Pathogenesis

Published on: September 11, 2019

Processing of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Matched Blood for Alveolar Macrophage and CD4+ T-cell Immunophenotyping and HIV Reservoir Assessment
07:21

Processing of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Matched Blood for Alveolar Macrophage and CD4+ T-cell Immunophenotyping and HIV Reservoir Assessment

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Sequencing of Bacterial Microflora in Peripheral Blood: our Experience with HIV-infected Patients
13:50

Sequencing of Bacterial Microflora in Peripheral Blood: our Experience with HIV-infected Patients

Published on: June 11, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Clinical Biochemistry

Background:

  • HIV and TB co-infection progressively impair cell-mediated immunity and damage the hepatobiliary system.
  • Co-infection exacerbates liver damage, necessitating assessment before initiating hepatotoxic therapies.
  • Understanding pre-treatment liver status is critical for managing co-infected patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify liver damage in HIV/TB co-infected patients before Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) and Antitubercular Drugs (ATD).
  • To establish baseline Liver Function Test (LFT) parameters in co-infected individuals.
  • To evaluate the impact of TB co-infection on liver status in HIV patients.

Main Methods:

  • 193 HIV-positive patients were grouped: 100 with TB (Group 1) and 93 without TB (Group 2).
  • 80 age/sex-matched healthy individuals served as controls (Group 0).
  • Serum LFT parameters including total bilirubin, ALT, AST, and ALK-P were biochemically analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Significantly elevated serum total bilirubin, ALT, and ALK-P in HIV/TB co-infected patients compared to controls (p<0.05).
  • Lower serum total protein and albumin levels, with altered albumin/globulin ratios, observed in Group 1 compared to controls.
  • AST levels showed no significant difference between groups, while total protein levels were similar between Group 2 and controls.

Conclusions:

  • Baseline LFTs are essential before initiating ART and ATD in HIV/TB co-infected patients.
  • Routine LFT screening is recommended due to its simplicity and cost-effectiveness.
  • Identifying pre-treatment liver damage aids in preventing drug-induced hepatotoxicity.