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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Pharyngitis01:23

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
Tonsillitis II: Management01:26

Tonsillitis II: Management

This lesson will focus on the different treatment options for managing tonsillitis, which typically depend on the cause and severity.
Tonsillitis I: Introduction01:30

Tonsillitis I: Introduction

Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, which are two lymphoid tissue masses at the back of the throat. This condition can cause discomfort and irritation in the throat.
Etiology
Three primary contributing factors have been identified.
Suctioning the Nasopharyngeal Airway01:29

Suctioning the Nasopharyngeal Airway

Nasopharyngeal suctioning is a procedure to remove secretions from the upper part of the respiratory tract that the patient cannot clear independently. It helps maintain airway patency and prevents complications such as aspiration pneumonia.
Equipment Required
Endoscopic Studies I: Bronchoscopy and Thoracoscopy01:30

Endoscopic Studies I: Bronchoscopy and Thoracoscopy

Endoscopy is a non-surgical medical technique used to examine a person's internal organs and vessels. This lesson will focus on two types of endoscopic studies: bronchoscopy and thoracoscopy.
Bronchoscopy
Description
Bronchoscopy is a procedure that involves direct visualization of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. A flexible fiber optic or rigid bronchoscope is used to carry out the procedure. The fiber-optic bronchoscope is more frequently used due to...
Suctioning the Oropharyngeal Airway01:25

Suctioning the Oropharyngeal Airway

In preparing for oropharyngeal airway suctioning, a nurse must gather all necessary equipment, including a suction unit with tubing, a prepackaged suction kit, sterile gloves, water or saline for irrigation, a water-soluble lubricant, and additional personal protective equipment (such as a gown, mask, and goggles) to control infections.
After assembling the equipment, the nurse should practice hand hygiene and don appropriate PPE according to infection control guidelines to avoid the...

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Updated: May 9, 2026

CO2-Lasertonsillotomy Under Local Anesthesia in Adults
05:07

CO2-Lasertonsillotomy Under Local Anesthesia in Adults

Published on: November 6, 2019

Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy.

Sharon D Ramos1, Shraddha Mukerji, Harold S Pine

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas-Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555-0521, USA. sdramos@utmb.edu

Pediatric Clinics of North America
|August 3, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adenotonsillectomy (AT), a common pediatric surgery, is increasingly performed for sleep-disordered breathing and obstructive sleep apnea, not just infections. New guidelines focus on these primary obstructive and infectious indications for the procedure.

Keywords:
AdenotonsillectomyClinical recurrent tonsillitisSleep-disordered breathing/Obstructive sleep apnea

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Isolation of Tonsillar Mononuclear Cells to Study Ex Vivo Innate Immune Responses in a Human Mucosal Lymphoid Tissue
07:38

Isolation of Tonsillar Mononuclear Cells to Study Ex Vivo Innate Immune Responses in a Human Mucosal Lymphoid Tissue

Published on: June 14, 2020

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

CO2-Lasertonsillotomy Under Local Anesthesia in Adults
05:07

CO2-Lasertonsillotomy Under Local Anesthesia in Adults

Published on: November 6, 2019

Isolation of Tonsillar Mononuclear Cells to Study Ex Vivo Innate Immune Responses in a Human Mucosal Lymphoid Tissue
07:38

Isolation of Tonsillar Mononuclear Cells to Study Ex Vivo Innate Immune Responses in a Human Mucosal Lymphoid Tissue

Published on: June 14, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Surgery
  • Otolaryngology
  • Sleep Medicine

Background:

  • Adenotonsillectomy (AT) is a frequent pediatric surgical procedure in the U.S., with over 530,000 annual operations in children under 15.
  • Historically indicated for recurrent tonsillitis, the primary reason for AT has shifted towards treating sleep-disordered breathing and obstructive sleep apnea in children.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline current clinical guidelines for adenotonsillectomy (AT) in pediatric patients.
  • To highlight the shift in indications for AT from infectious causes to obstructive sleep-related conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current clinical practices and guidelines for pediatric adenotonsillectomy.
  • Analysis of the primary indications for adenotonsillectomy in contemporary pediatric care.

Main Results:

  • Adenotonsillectomy (AT) is a leading surgical intervention for children.
  • Obstructive sleep apnea and sleep-disordered breathing are now the predominant reasons for performing AT in pediatric populations.
  • Current guidelines emphasize obstructive and infectious etiologies when determining AT candidacy.

Conclusions:

  • Adenotonsillectomy remains a critical procedure for pediatric airway issues.
  • Clinical decision-making for AT is increasingly guided by the presence of obstructive sleep-related conditions and infectious causes.
  • Guidelines support AT for children with sleep-disordered breathing and obstructive sleep apnea.