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Related Concept Videos

Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
Genetic Variation01:25

Genetic Variation

Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
Genes exist in different versions called alleles, which...
Regression Toward the Mean01:52

Regression Toward the Mean

Regression toward the mean (“RTM”) is a phenomenon in which extremely high or low values—for example, and individual’s blood pressure at a particular moment—appear closer to a group’s average upon remeasuring. Although this statistical peculiarity is the result of random error and chance, it has been problematic across various medical, scientific, financial and psychological applications. In particular, RTM, if not taken into account, can interfere when researchers try to extrapolate results...
Limits to Natural Selection01:38

Limits to Natural Selection

Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.
Mismatch Repair01:20

Mismatch Repair

Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The Mutator Protein Family Plays a Key Role in DNA Mismatch Repair
The human genome has more than 3 billion base pairs of DNA per cell. Prior to cell division, that vast amount of genetic...
Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification03:00

Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification

Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues
07:34

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues

Published on: June 3, 2013

Normal human variation: refocussing the enhancement debate.

Guy Kahane, Julian Savulescu

    Bioethics
    |August 3, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary

    This article reveals common errors in biomedical enhancement discussions. It argues that many perceived objections actually support enhancement, even within normal human capabilities.

    Area of Science:

    • Bioethics
    • Neuroethics
    • Philosophy of Technology

    Background:

    • The debate on biomedical enhancement often features common conceptual errors.
    • Objections to enhancement are frequently misunderstood or misapplied.
    • Focus on radical transformations may overshadow practical, near-term applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To identify and correct prevalent mistakes in reasoning about biomedical enhancement.
    • To re-evaluate arguments against enhancement, particularly pharmacological interventions for moral decision-making.
    • To demonstrate the significant potential of enhancement within the normal human range.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of common conceptual errors in biomedical enhancement discourse.
    • Examination of specific objections raised by John Harris regarding pharmacological moral enhancement.
    Keywords:
    enhancementmoral psychologynormal variationstatus quo bias

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    Published on: June 3, 2013

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  • Application of corrected reasoning to broader enhancement debates and influential figures.

    • Main Results:

    • Many purported objections to biomedical enhancement are, in fact, arguments in its favor, albeit with a different focus.
    • The current emphasis on radical enhancement interventions may be misplaced due to feasibility and availability concerns.
    • Biomedical enhancement can profoundly impact human life even when operating within existing human capacities.

    Conclusions:

    • Rethinking common objections reveals their potential to support, rather than oppose, biomedical enhancement.
    • The enhancement project's impact is significant even without radical alterations to human capacities.
    • Future discussions should consider enhancement operating within the normal human range for more immediate and practical implications.