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Related Concept Videos

Assessing Body Temperature - Axilla01:14

Assessing Body Temperature - Axilla

Procedural Guide for Assessing Axillary Body Temperature using a Digital Thermometer:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and put on clean gloves to maintain infection control and prevent cross-contamination.
Step 2: Prepare the patient by explaining the procedure to ensure understanding and cooperation. Ensure privacy, expose the axilla, and inform the patient that minimal movement is crucial for an accurate reading.
Step 3: Adjust the patient’s clothing to expose only the axilla. It minimizes...
Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery01:19

Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery

Here is a stepwise guide to assessing the body temperature at the temporal artery using a temporal artery thermometer
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don a fresh pair of gloves to prevent cross-infection and ensure patient safety.
Step 2: Explain the procedure to the patient to establish trust. Clear communication establishes trust with the patient, ensures they understand what to expect, promotes cooperation, and enhances comfort during the procedure.  
Step 3: Assess the patient's forehead...
Assessment of apical pulse01:17

Assessment of apical pulse

Assessing the Apical Pulse
Assessing the apical pulse is a critical nursing procedure, particularly indicated for:
Papillary Dermis01:11

Papillary Dermis

Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen and...
Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal01:27

Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal

Rectal temperature measurement is considered the most precise method for assessing core body temperature and typically registers higher than oral temperature. For adults, the rectal thermometer should be inserted 1 to 1.5 inches into the rectum to obtain the most accurate reading.
Follow these steps for rectal temperature assessment:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don clean gloves to prevent cross-infection.
Step 2: Position the patient in a side-lying position to better visualize the rectal...
Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Precision Implementation of Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing to Assess Individual Variation in Human Inflammatory Response
06:31

Precision Implementation of Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing to Assess Individual Variation in Human Inflammatory Response

Published on: October 3, 2019

Where to prick the apple for skin testing?

B J Vlieg-Boerstra1, W E van de Weg, S van der Heide

  • 1Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergy, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.

Allergy
|August 6, 2013
PubMed
Summary

The location of apple prick matters for skin prick tests. Pricking near the apple stalk yields stronger results for oral allergy syndrome testing than pricking the middle.

Keywords:
apple allergyoral allergy syndromeskin prick tests

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Area of Science:

  • Food allergy research
  • Clinical immunology
  • Plant biochemistry

Background:

  • Mal d 1, a major allergen in apples, is unevenly distributed.
  • Oral allergy syndrome (OAS) is often triggered by fresh apple consumption.
  • Accurate allergy testing is crucial for diagnosing OAS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how the prick location on an apple affects prick-to-prick skin prick test (PTP) outcomes.
  • To determine the optimal site for apple skin prick testing in patients with suspected apple allergy.

Main Methods:

  • Prick-to-prick skin prick tests (PTPs) were conducted on 32 adults with apple-related oral allergy symptoms.
  • Tests utilized fresh, unpeeled apples (Pink Lady, Golden Delicious, Elise, Santana, Modi) harvested in autumn 2007.
  • Apple material was sampled from two distinct locations: near the stalk (top) and the middle region.

Main Results:

  • Skin prick test responses were consistently higher when testing apple material from the stalk region compared to the middle.
  • Statistical significance in favor of the stalk region was observed for Pink Lady, Golden Delicious, and Elise in 2007.
  • In 2008, Pink Lady and Modi also showed statistically significant differences favoring the stalk region.

Conclusions:

  • The distribution of Mal d 1 allergen influences PTP results.
  • For accurate allergy diagnosis, prick the apple near the stalk, not the middle.
  • Standardizing prick location can improve the reliability of apple allergy testing.