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Related Concept Videos

Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from the skin...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
13:00

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Published on: July 31, 2021

Maternal immunization: an update for pediatricians.

Flor M Munoz1

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA. florm@bcm.edu

Pediatric Annals
|August 6, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Maternal immunization during pregnancy offers crucial protection for both mothers and infants against infectious diseases. Vaccinating pregnant women is safe and beneficial, outweighing theoretical risks for serious exposures.

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Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice
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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
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Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Published on: July 31, 2021

Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using Poly(I:C) to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring
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Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using Poly(I:C) to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring

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Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice
08:52

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice

Published on: February 22, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Maternal immunization provides passive immunity to newborns, protecting them during early vulnerability.
  • Infections during pregnancy pose risks to both mother and fetus, necessitating preventive strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the safety and efficacy of maternal immunization for protecting mother and infant.
  • To outline recommended vaccines for pregnant women in the United States.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on vaccine safety and immunogenicity in pregnancy.
  • Analysis of recommendations from public health organizations regarding vaccination during pregnancy.

Main Results:

  • Toxoid, inactivated, and most live vaccines are safe for pregnant women and fetuses.
  • Live viral vaccines have theoretical risks but no documented evidence of fetal harm.
  • Recommended vaccines include influenza, tetanus toxoid, and Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, acellular pertussis).

Conclusions:

  • Maternal immunization is a safe and effective strategy to protect against infectious diseases.
  • Vaccination benefits during pregnancy outweigh theoretical risks, especially for high-risk exposures.
  • Postpartum vaccination is an option for women not immunized during pregnancy.