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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Optical Tweezers to Study RNA-Protein Interactions in Translation Regulation

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Published on: February 12, 2022

A dynamical model of programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting.

¹Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics and Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.

Journal of Theoretical Biology

|August 6, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting in RNA viruses is clarified. Ribosomes can frameshift during translocation, before ternary complex binding, or before peptide transfer, with translocation being most significant.

Keywords:

Protein synthesis RNA Ribosome Translation Virus

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Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Virology
Biophysics

Background:

Programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting is a key RNA virus recoding mechanism.
The precise mechanism of frameshifting at slippery sequences with mRNA pseudoknots remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically analyze the -1 frameshifting events during Escherichia coli ribosome elongation.
To elucidate the specific stages and mechanisms contributing to ribosomal frameshifting.

Main Methods:

Theoretical analysis of ribosomal dynamics during protein synthesis.
Modeling of frameshifting during translocation, ternary complex binding, and peptidyl transfer.

Main Results:

Identified three main periods for -1 frameshifting: translocation, post-translocation to ternary complex binding, and codon recognition to peptidyl transfer.
Translocation step contributes most significantly to frameshifting due to mRNA pseudoknot unwinding and reverse ribosomal rotation.
Frameshifting also occurs during slower periods when the mRNA channel is tight, facilitated by pseudoknot base pair annealing.

Conclusions:

Provides a unified theoretical framework explaining experimental data on -1 ribosomal frameshifting.
The study clarifies the role of ribosome dynamics and mRNA pseudoknots in viral translational recoding.