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Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.

Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids

Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acid biosynthesis is a fundamental biochemical process that produces the purine and pyrimidine nucleotides essential for DNA and RNA synthesis. This pathway maintains a balanced nucleotide pool, preventing imbalances that could jeopardize genetic integrity and cellular function. Given the crucial role of nucleotides, their synthesis is tightly regulated to ensure proper cellular homeostasis.Purine BiosynthesisThe biosynthesis of purine nucleotides begins with ribose-5-phosphate, a...

RNA Editing

RNA Editing

RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...

Nucleosome Remodeling

Nucleosome Remodeling

Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...

Histone Modification

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Detection of Modified Forms of Cytosine Using Sensitive Immunohistochemistry

Detection of Modified Forms of Cytosine Using Sensitive Immunohistochemistry

Published on: August 16, 2016

Cytosine modifications in neurodevelopment and diseases.

Bing Yao¹, Peng Jin

¹Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Suite 301, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : CMLS

|August 6, 2013

Summary

New DNA modifications like 5-hydroxymethylcytosine offer insights into brain development and neurological disorders. This review explores their roles beyond traditional DNA methylation (5mC).

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The Detection of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Neural Stem Cells and Brains of Mice

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Immunohistochemical Detection of 5-Methylcytosine and 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Developing and Postmitotic Mouse Retina

Immunohistochemical Detection of 5-Methylcytosine and 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Developing and Postmitotic Mouse Retina

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Detection of Modified Forms of Cytosine Using Sensitive Immunohistochemistry

Detection of Modified Forms of Cytosine Using Sensitive Immunohistochemistry

Published on: August 16, 2016

The Detection of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Neural Stem Cells and Brains of Mice

The Detection of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Neural Stem Cells and Brains of Mice

Published on: September 19, 2019

Immunohistochemical Detection of 5-Methylcytosine and 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Developing and Postmitotic Mouse Retina

Immunohistochemical Detection of 5-Methylcytosine and 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Developing and Postmitotic Mouse Retina

Published on: August 29, 2018

Area of Science:

Epigenetics
Neuroscience
Molecular Biology

Background:

DNA methylation (5mC) is crucial for neurodevelopment and disease.
Recent discoveries include 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, 5-formylcytosine, and 5-carboxylcytosine.
These modifications add complexity to epigenetic regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current research on novel DNA cytosine modifications.
To highlight their significance in neurodevelopment.
To explore their involvement in neurological diseases.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent studies.
Focus on epigenetics and neuroscience research.
Analysis of functional roles and disease associations.

Main Results:

Novel cytosine modifications demonstrate plasticity in gene regulation.
These modifications are implicated in normal brain development.
Evidence links them to various neurological conditions.

Conclusions:

Emerging DNA modifications are key players in neurobiology.
Understanding these marks is vital for neurological disease research.
They represent a new frontier in epigenetic studies of the brain.