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Bone Cells and Tissue

Bone Cells and Tissue

Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
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The osteoblast is the bone cell responsible for forming new bone tissue. It is found in the growing portions of bone, including the periosteum and...

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

Bone Remodeling

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

Hormones and Bone Tissue

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...

The Functions of the Skeletal System

The Functions of the Skeletal System

The most apparent functions of the skeletal system are support, protection, and movement. However, bone tissue also performs several other critical metabolic functions. For one, the bone matrix acts as a reservoir for a number of minerals important to the functioning of the body, especially calcium and phosphorus. These minerals, present in the bone tissue, can be released back into the bloodstream when required. Calcium ions, for example, are essential for muscle contractions and controlling...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Osteoclast Derivation from Mouse Bone Marrow

Osteoclast Derivation from Mouse Bone Marrow

Published on: November 6, 2014

Cells of the immune system orchestrate changes in bone cell function.

Sarah E Wythe¹, Vicky Nicolaidou, Nicole J Horwood

¹Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK.

Calcified Tissue International

|August 6, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Immune cells, like T and NK cells, influence bone remodeling by affecting osteoclast and osteoblast activity. This review explores their role in bone homeostasis and inflammatory diseases.

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Bone Biology
Skeletal Homeostasis

Background:

Immune cells, including T and NK cells, produce RANKL, enhancing osteoclast formation.
Evidence suggests immune cells also promote anabolic bone responses, involving osteoblast formation.
Osteoblasts can regulate immune cell function, aiding inflammation resolution.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of immune cells in normal bone homeostasis.
To examine immune cell involvement in inflammatory diseases characterized by imbalanced bone remodeling.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on immune cell-bone interactions.
Analysis of mechanisms linking immune responses to bone resorption and formation.
Exploration of the concept of "coupling" in bone remodeling.

Main Results:

Immune cells are integral to bone remodeling, influencing both resorption and formation.
The interplay between immune and bone cells is crucial for maintaining skeletal homeostasis.
Dysregulation of this interplay contributes to bone loss in inflammatory conditions.

Conclusions:

The concept of "coupling" in bone remodeling should be broadened to include immune cell interactions.
Immune cells play a significant role in both physiological bone maintenance and pathological bone loss.
Understanding these complex interactions is vital for treating inflammatory bone diseases.