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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
NES are of three types- the canonical 10-residue long leucine-rich signal and other...
RNA Splicing01:32

RNA Splicing

Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
RNA Splicing01:32

RNA Splicing

Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing specific...

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ALREX-elements and introns: two identity elements that promote mRNA nuclear export.

Alexander F Palazzo1, Kohila Mahadevan, Stefan P Tarnawsky

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. alex.palazzo@utoronto.ca

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA
|August 6, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Nuclear mRNA export mechanisms are poorly understood but essential for protein-coding gene expression. A newly identified alternative pathway (ALREX) utilizes specific mRNA regions, complementing splicing-dependent export.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Nuclear mRNA export is crucial for gene expression, distinguishing functional transcripts from spurious transcription.
  • Splicing acts as a key mRNA identity element promoting nuclear export in metazoans.
  • Eukaryotic mRNA export mechanisms evolved early in eukaryotic tree development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution of mRNA export pathways in eukaryotes.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms and features of the alternative mRNA nuclear export (ALREX) pathway.
  • To compare ALREX with the dominant splicing-dependent mRNA export pathway.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review on mRNA export evolution and mechanisms.
  • Analysis of specific mRNA regions encoding short secretory or mitochondrial-targeting peptides.
  • Comparative analysis of ALREX and splicing-dependent export pathways.

Main Results:

  • Identified specific regions within mRNA open reading frames as alternative mRNA export (ALREX) elements.
  • These ALREX elements are enriched in protein-coding genes and possess identifiable features.
  • ALREX provides an alternative pathway for mRNA nuclear export, distinct from splicing-dependent export.

Conclusions:

  • mRNA export mechanisms evolved to ensure efficient expression of protein-coding genes.
  • The ALREX pathway represents a significant, previously underappreciated mechanism for mRNA nuclear export.
  • Understanding ALREX offers new insights into gene expression regulation and eukaryotic evolution.