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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment
06:48

Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment

Published on: June 25, 2019

Letter order is not coded by open bigrams.

Sachiko Kinoshita1, Dennis Norris

  • 1Department of Psychology and ARC Centre of Excellence for Cognition and its Disorders (CCD), Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.

Journal of Memory and Language
|August 6, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Open bigram models suggest letter order is coded by pairs. However, experiments show reversed and non-contiguous bigrams also prime words, challenging this core assumption in reading research.

Keywords:
Letter orderOpen bigramsOrthographic representation

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Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language
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Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language

Published on: October 13, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment
06:48

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Published on: June 25, 2019

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language
09:27

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language

Published on: October 13, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Computational Linguistics
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Open bigram (OB) models propose letter order is encoded via ordered letter pairs.
  • Existing models include SERIOL, Binary OB, Overlap OB, and the Local Combination Detector model.
  • These models are foundational in understanding visual word recognition and orthographic processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of bigrams in coding letter order during word recognition.
  • To experimentally test the predictions of open bigram models regarding letter sequence processing.
  • To examine the impact of bigram reversal and intervening letters on priming effects.

Main Methods:

  • Three experiments were conducted using a same-different match task with bigram primes.
  • The study manipulated the order of letters within bigrams (e.g., reversed bigrams).
  • The number of intervening letters between bigram components was varied to assess non-contiguous bigram effects.

Main Results:

  • Reversed bigrams consistently produced robust priming effects.
  • Non-contiguous bigrams spanning three letters also demonstrated significant priming.
  • Priming effects for non-contiguous bigrams were comparable in magnitude to contiguous bigrams.

Conclusions:

  • The findings contradict the fundamental assumption of open bigram models that letter order relies solely on ordered letter pairs.
  • The robust priming from reversed and non-contiguous bigrams suggests a more flexible mechanism for coding letter order.
  • These results necessitate a re-evaluation of current computational models of visual word recognition.