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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle layer, the vascular tunic,...
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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Vision01:24

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
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Updated: May 9, 2026

Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
12:23

Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients

Published on: April 14, 2014

"Optic neuritis" that is neither.

Omer Y Bialer1, Nancy J Newman, Beau B Bruce

  • 1Departments of Ophthalmology (OYB, NJN, BBB, VB), Neurology (NJN, BBB, VB), and Neurological Surgery (NJN), and Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health and Laney Graduate School (BBB), Emory University, Atlanta, GA.

Neurology. Clinical Practice
|August 6, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A young woman experienced vision loss and eye pain, diagnosed as optic neuritis. Despite brain lesions, she improved without steroids, indicating a clinically isolated syndrome.

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The Rodent Model of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (rNAION)
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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
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The Rodent Model of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (rNAION)
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The Rodent Model of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (rNAION)

Published on: November 20, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Neuro-ophthalmology
  • Neurology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Optic neuropathy can present with vision loss and pain, suggesting inflammatory causes like optic neuritis.
  • Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) is the first neurological episode suggestive of multiple sclerosis.

Observation:

  • A 28-year-old African American woman presented with left eye pain and decreased vision.
  • Neurological examination was normal, but MRI revealed non-enhancing white matter lesions in the brain.
  • Automated perimetry detected a central scotoma in the affected eye.

Findings:

  • Diagnosis of left optic neuropathy and clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) was made.
  • Elevated angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) level noted, but chest CT ruled out pulmonary sarcoidosis.
  • Spontaneous visual improvement occurred within weeks without steroid treatment.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the importance of considering inflammatory demyelinating conditions in young adults with optic neuropathy.
  • The spontaneous resolution and lack of neurological symptoms suggest a favorable prognosis for this patient.
  • Further monitoring is crucial to rule out conversion to multiple sclerosis (MS).