Seasonal shifts in odor acuity by starlings

A passerine bird, the European Starling Sturnus vulgaris, demonstrated a seasonal ability to respond to odor cues. Cardiac conditioned responses were most evident when birds were in breeding condition. Once birds were in nonbreeding condition, responding to odors all but ceased. For birds in breeding condition, threshold sensitivity to the odor cyclohexanone was comparable to levels reported for nonpasserine birds (0.3% vapor saturation or 3.778 x 10(14) molecules/ml). In contrast, the threshold level during the postreproductive phase of the annual cycle was 10% vapor saturation (1.256 x 10(16) molecules/ml), a level high enough to implicate the trigeminal system as the modality mediating chemosensory perception. The strong cyclic responding pattern suggests links between photoperiodically controlled endocrine production, breeding behavior, and olfactory sensitivity.