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Related Concept Videos

Strategies of Self-Presentation III: Self-Monitoring01:24

Strategies of Self-Presentation III: Self-Monitoring

Self-monitoring is a central construct in understanding individual differences in self-presentation strategies across social contexts. It refers to how individuals observe, regulate, and control their expressive behavior and self-presentation following situational cues. Self-monitoring reflects a person's sensitivity to social appropriateness and willingness to adapt behavior to fit varying interpersonal demands.High vs. Low Self-Monitoring IndividualsIndividuals high in self-monitoring are...
Reliability and Validity01:29

Reliability and Validity

Reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. Reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. In the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways.
Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model01:29

Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model

The Self-Evaluation Maintenance (SEM) model offers a psychological framework to understand how individuals’ self-esteem is influenced by the achievements of others, particularly those with whom they share close personal bonds. The SEM model operates when personal rather than social identity guides individuals. Central to this model is the notion that individuals have an inherent desire to preserve a favorable self-image, which is continuously shaped by interpersonal comparisons and...
Self-Report Tests of Personality01:22

Self-Report Tests of Personality

Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

Self-Discrepancy Theory

One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.
Multiple Regression01:25

Multiple Regression

Multiple regression assesses a linear relationship between one response or dependent variable and two or more independent variables. It has many practical applications.
Farmers can use multiple regression to determine the crop yield based on more than one factor, such as water availability, fertilizer, soil properties, etc. Here, the crop yield is the response or dependent variable as it depends on the other independent variables. The analysis requires the construction of a scatter plot...

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Related Experiment Videos

The validity of well-being measures: a multiple-indicator-multiple-rater model.

Christopher Zou1, Ulrich Schimmack, Judith Gere

  • 1Department of Psychology.

Psychological Assessment
|August 7, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a formal measurement model for well-being, finding self and informant ratings equally valid. Using multiple indicators and raters enhances the reliability of well-being research.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Social Sciences

Background:

  • Well-being is often defined as the congruence between actual and ideal life.
  • Common indicators include life satisfaction, domain satisfaction, and hedonic balance.
  • A formal measurement model for well-being has been lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a formal measurement model for subjective well-being.
  • To examine the validity of self-ratings versus informant ratings of well-being.
  • To assess the validity of different well-being indicators.

Main Methods:

  • A measurement model of well-being was developed.
  • Data were collected from 335 families (N = 1,005).
  • Self-ratings and informant ratings were compared for validity.

Main Results:

  • Self-ratings and informant ratings demonstrated equal validity.
  • Global life satisfaction and averaged domain satisfaction showed similar validity.
  • Approximately one-third of the variance in a single well-being indicator was valid.

Conclusions:

  • Researchers should utilize multiple indicators and multiple raters to establish convergent validity.
  • The proposed measurement model provides a framework for more robust well-being assessment.
  • Findings support the use of both self and informant perspectives in well-being studies.