Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Stability-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence01:22

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Stability-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

Generic intravenous (IV) drugs are considered bioequivalent to their branded counterparts due to their 100% bioavailability upon administration. However, variations in stability among different drug products can significantly influence their therapeutic performance, even if they are pharmaceutically equivalent.Cefuroxime, a prophylactic antimicrobial, is often used as a single-dose IV injection for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. A 3 g dose typically provides...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Structure-Based Discovery of Potent BCL-XL Inhibitors through Rescaffolding.

Journal of medicinal chemistry·2026
Same author

Editorial: Understanding effective education: far transfer from a sociocultural and cognitive neural perspective.

Frontiers in psychology·2026
Same author

Rhythmic high-amplitude delta with superimposed spikes (RHADS): a treatment dilemma.

Oxford medical case reports·2024
Same author

Complete genome sequences of sucrose non-fermenting non-O1/non-O139 <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> isolated from human soft tissue infection.

Microbiology resource announcements·2024
Same author

Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induces trophoblast hypoxia and mitochondrial dysfunction through HIF-1α-miR-210-3p axis in HTR-8/SVneo cell line.

Current research in toxicology·2024
Same author

Factors that influence participation in physical activity for people with bipolar disorder: a synthesis of qualitative evidence.

The Cochrane database of systematic reviews·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
07:01

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: April 17, 2013

Thyroid hormone analogues: where do we stand in 2013?

Sunitha Meruvu1, Stephen D Ayers, Glenn Winnier

  • 1Center for Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute , Houston, Texas.

Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association
|August 7, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Selective thyroid hormone receptor modulators (STRMs) showed promise for lowering cholesterol but failed in late-stage trials. This review explores their mechanisms, clinical outcomes, and potential for treating metabolic syndrome.

More Related Videos

Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
06:08

Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Published on: June 2, 2023

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions
05:41

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions

Published on: February 9, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 9, 2026

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
07:01

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: April 17, 2013

Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
06:08

Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Published on: June 2, 2023

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions
05:41

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions

Published on: February 9, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Diseases
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Thyroid hormones (THs) regulate lipid and energy homeostasis via thyroid hormone receptors (TRs α and β).
  • Selective thyroid hormone receptor modulators (STRMs) were developed as analogues with improved TR subtype and liver uptake selectivity.
  • STRMs aim to provide TH excess benefits without significant side effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms of action of STRMs.
  • To analyze their efficacy and limitations in preclinical and clinical studies for dyslipidemia.
  • To evaluate the future potential of STRMs in metabolic syndrome and genetic diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of preclinical animal models and human clinical trials of first-generation STRMs.
  • Analysis of the pharmacology and clinical outcomes of STRMs.
  • Discussion of reasons for trial failures and future therapeutic applications.

Main Results:

  • Several STRMs demonstrated significant cholesterol-lowering effects in preclinical and early clinical studies.
  • First-generation STRMs showed potential benefits for obesity, glucose metabolism, and NAFLD.
  • Three major first-generation STRMs did not advance beyond early phase III trials for cholesterol reduction.

Conclusions:

  • STRMs hold promise for metabolic disorders, but first-generation compounds faced development hurdles.
  • Further research is needed to understand STRM limitations and explore their application in broader metabolic conditions.
  • Selective TR modulation may still offer therapeutic potential for dyslipidemias and other metabolic diseases.