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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...
Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

Overview
Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...
Asthma III: Clinical Manifestations01:13

Asthma III: Clinical Manifestations

Asthma presents with a characteristic pattern of episodic respiratory symptoms that reflect underlying airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and mucus hypersecretion. Although severity varies among individuals, certain clinical manifestations are considered hallmarks of the disorder and often guide diagnosis and assessment.Respiratory SymptomsA persistent cough is one of the most common early features of asthma. It is frequently dry and tends to worsen at night or in the early morning,...
Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...
Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management01:20

Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management

Asthma is a chronic pulmonary condition involving inflammation of the airways, hyper-reactivity, and reversible obstruction of the airways. This condition can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making breathing difficult and leading to distressing symptoms.
Asthma is classified as allergic and non-allergic. Allergens such as dust mites, pollen, and pet dander trigger allergic asthma, while factors like cold air, intense emotions, or exercise can induce non-allergic asthma.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency
10:22

Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency

Published on: June 29, 2021

Anaphylaxis: clinical patterns, mediator release, and severity.

Simon G A Brown1, Shelley F Stone, Daniel M Fatovich

  • 1Centre for Clinical Research in Emergency Medicine, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, Perth, Australia; University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia; Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Australia.

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|August 7, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals that multiple inflammatory pathways contribute to anaphylaxis severity and delayed reactions, highlighting the need for extended observation periods post-treatment for severe cases.

Keywords:
AnaphylaxisEDEmergency departmentIQRInterquartile rangeMCTMast cell tryptaseNIAID/FAANNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis NetworkPAFPAF acetylhydrolasePAF-AHPCAPlatelet activating factorPrincipal component analysisTNFRITumor necrosis factor receptor Ibiphasic anaphylaxisemergency departmenthistamineinterleukinmast cell tryptaseplatelet activating factorplatelet activating factor acetyl hydrolasesoluble tumor necrosis factor receptor I

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Measuring Local Anaphylaxis in Mice
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Measuring Local Anaphylaxis in Mice

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Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples
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Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples

Published on: January 21, 2018

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency
10:22

Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency

Published on: June 29, 2021

Measuring Local Anaphylaxis in Mice
07:49

Measuring Local Anaphylaxis in Mice

Published on: October 14, 2014

Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples
11:54

Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples

Published on: January 21, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Allergy and Clinical Immunology
  • Emergency Medicine

Background:

  • Limited human studies exist on anaphylaxis mechanisms, particularly severe cases or single mediator analysis.
  • Understanding anaphylaxis pathophysiology is crucial for effective clinical management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define clinical patterns of anaphylaxis.
  • To investigate relationships between biological mediators and reaction severity.
  • To identify factors associated with delayed anaphylactic deteriorations.

Main Methods:

  • Collected clinical data and serial blood samples from 402 individuals experiencing 412 reactions.
  • Assayed various mediators including mast cell tryptase, histamine, anaphylatoxins, cytokines, and platelet activating factor acetyl hydrolase.
  • Employed principal component analysis and logistic regression to analyze mediator patterns and risk factors.

Main Results:

  • 315 of 412 reactions met anaphylaxis criteria; 97 were severe, with hypotension and hypoxemia being common.
  • Severe anaphylaxis was linked to older age, pre-existing lung disease, and drug triggers.
  • Delayed deteriorations (9.2%) were associated with specific mediator profiles and pre-existing lung disease, often occurring within 4 hours of initial epinephrine.

Conclusions:

  • Multiple inflammatory pathways significantly influence anaphylaxis severity and progression.
  • Findings support extended observation periods after initial treatment for anaphylaxis patients.
  • Specific mediator patterns correlate with both severe and delayed anaphylactic reactions.